Assessing Key Performance Indicators for Solar Energy Contracts in Building Applications

Abstract

Solar energy has emerged as one of the fastest-growing sources of renewable energy (RE) due to its low maintenance requirements and ease of installation. Despite extensive research conducted in countries such as Switzerland, China, and South America, there remains a limited number of studies focusing on solar panel performance and management within the Malaysian context. This study addresses a significant research gap by examining the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) used in solar panel contracts, taking into account variations in seasonal conditions and operational management methods. The objectives of this research are twofold: (i) to determine the relevant KPIs for solar panel contracts, and (ii) to analyse suitable measurement tools based on these KPIs. A qualitative research approach was employed, involving face-to-face interviews with three industry experts. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. The findings identified ten sub-themes categorised under four critical success factors: Coating (type, efficiency, and durability, as well as coating replacement and surface cleaning), shading effect (site analysis and new obstructions), radiance energy (energy harvesting and dynamic panel systems), and fire safety (thermal limits and spark prevention). Additionally, three sub-themes emerged regarding performance measurement tools: process-oriented approaches, application-based monitoring, and limited integration of external tools. The study contributes to the development of a structured framework for KPI-based evaluation and monitoring of solar panel performance, particularly tailored for the Malaysian renewable energy sector.