Journal of Sustainable Natural Resources
Journal of Sustainable Natural Resources or J-SuNR is a peer reviewed journal that publishes twice a year (June and December) devoted to the fields of fundamental, applied and technology related to sustainable natural resources research. J-SuNR focuses on the sustainable uses, study and application of natural resources to provide for alternatives to the complex problems of deforestation and utilization of natural resources. These also take into consideration on biodiversity erosion, rainforest degradation, climate change, environmental pollution, new medicine from natural resources, advancement and industrialization of biodiversity, alternatives to natural resources (including non-timber forest products or NTFP), climate change and also ecotourism. J-SuNR is also dedicated to the promotion and management of sustainable natural resources for future generations. More info
Elephant Mortality Cases in Peninsular Malaysia (2015 – 2024)
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Sustainable Natural Resources https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Oil Palm Tourism as a Strategy for Sustainability and Positive Engagement: A Preliminary Case Study for SD Guthrie EcoGardens
The oil palm industry, crucial to tropical nations like Malaysia, frequently faces environmental criticisms that impact its global reputation. Negative perceptions often stem from misinformation and limited firsthand exposure, leading to misconceptions about its sustainability efforts. This exploratory pilot study examines the potential of oil palm tourism as a strategy to address these concerns by fostering direct engagement and education. A preliminary case study was conducted at SD Guthrie EcoGardens (SDGE) in June 2023, involving on-site surveys with 15 visitors (aged 21–23) to assess perceptions of oil palm’s environmental sustainability, socio-economic impact, community involvement, cultural preservation, educational value, and infrastructure sustainability. Using a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Very Poor to 5 = Excellent), the overall evaluation score was 4.3, with infrastructure sustainability (4.5) rated highest, followed by environmental sustainability and cultural preservation (4.4), educational impact (4.3), socio-economic contributions (4.2), and community involvement (4.0) as the lowest-rated aspect. Findings highlight oil palm tourism’s potential as a strategic investment to enhance public perception, stimulate economic benefits, and improve industry transparency. However, as this is a preliminary case study with a limited sample size, further large-scale research is necessary to validate these findings and examine the long-term impact of oil palm tourism. Wider adoption of oil palm tourism, supported by increased funding for community engagement, cultural integration, and infrastructure development, could strengthen global support for the industry and establish oil palm tourism as a high-value eco-tourism and sustainability initiative.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Sustainable Natural Resources https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Phytochemical Screening and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Different Extraction Solvent Polarity of Euphorbia hirta L.
Euphorbia hirta is one of the alternative or traditional medicines which are now being used more often to treat a wide range of diseases such as intestinal parasites, diarrhoea, peptic ulcers and asthma by using decoction or infusion. The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of polar and non-polar solvent effects on the determination of total flavonoid content and free radical scavenging activity and test the phytochemical properties (phenolic and flavonoid) in Euphorbia hirta and DPPH free radical scavenging activities of flavonoids extracted from different solvents of extraction. Extraction with higher-polarity solvents resulted in substantially higher yields, with ethanol achieving 22.46% compared to only 3.37% for ethyl acetate. Phytochemical screening of ethanol extracts showed the presence of phenolics and flavonoid compounds, but only the phenolic compound showed in the ethyl acetate extract. The value of total flavonoid content is 34.3556 ± 19.0346 mg of quercetin/g extract for ethanol extract, which has higher total flavonoid content compared to ethyl acetate extract, which is 7.6340 ± 1.9363 mg of quercetin/g extract. Ethanol extract demonstrated greater scavenging activity based on IC50 values, which it is 0.520281 ± 3.182 µg/ml compare to ethyl acetate extract which has a 43.6095 ± 32.1432 µg/ml IC50 value. The study suggests that E.hirta has high total flavonoid content and low IC50 value, and ethanol extract is a great solvent to use for further development of the plant’s products or illness cure.
Assessing the Taxonomic Accuracy of Mobile Plant Identification Applications among Tropical Plant Species
Plant identification through mobile apps has gradually grown in popularity over time. With the emergence of a variety of plant identification applications, problems arise in terms of misidentification of plant species through these applications. Hence, this research aims to assess the accuracy of mobile applications designed for identifying tropical plant species, which are essential for biodiversity research and conservation in tropical regions. The study tested five selected tropical plant identification applications, in particular PlantNet, PlantSnap, iNaturalist, PictureThis, and LeafSnap, against a reliable botanical database at the Penang Botanical Garden, using a varied sample of 100 plant taxa, including trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants. The evaluation of the applications' accuracy was conducted at three taxonomic levels: species, genus, and family. The results indicated that PlantNet achieved the highest accuracy at the species level, while iNaturalist performed best at the genus level. The proposed procedure emphasizes key factors including lighting conditions, image focus, viewing angles, plant morphological characteristics, and the inclusion of relevant metadata. The findings highlight the potential of mobile plant identification applications as valuable tools for biodiversity documentation and conservation, while also emphasizing the importance of proper image acquisition techniques to enhance identification reliability.
Geophysical and GIS model for assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Owa-Kajola marble mining site, Southwestern Nigeria
Despite the economic impact of mining, its negative effects on the environment require an assessment and urgent solution for environmental restoration. The aim of this study was to determine spatial distribution of groundwater vulnerability in Owa-Kajola marble mining site, Southwestern Nigeria using geophysical and GIS model. Vertical electrical sounding (VES) using Schlumberger arrangement was carried out in ten (10) locations. Five (5) geoelectric layers are recognised which include top soil, clay-sandy, sand-clayey, weathered, and fresh basements. Generated curve distributions are QH, HA and H curve types respectively. The first top layer has resistivity values between 82Ωm to 987Ωm, thickness of 0.1m to 1.6m, and depth between 0.1m to 1.6m. The second layer is clay-sandy with values ranges between 84Ωm to 389Ωm, thickness of 0.2m to 9.2m, depth between 0.3m to 10.8m. Third geoelectric layer is sand-clayey with values between 18Ωm to 125Ωm, thickness of 2m to 6.2m and depth of 2.7m to 9.6m, fourth geoelectric layer is weathered basement with values of 19Ωm to 1145Ωm, thickness of 0.5m to 50m and depth of 0.8m to 57.3m while the fifth geoelectric layer is fresh basement with resistivity values ranges between 34Ωm to 2847Ωm. Estimated aquifer protective capacity revealed that study area has aquifer protective capacity values between 0.00 and 0.69 with moderate zones (30%), weak zone (10%) and poor zones (60%). The moderate zones have values range from 0.23 to 0.69, covering the northern to eastern parts of the area. The weak zone has value of 0.17 in eastern parts while poor zones dominate the western to southern parts with values between 0.00 to 0.01 respectively, thus indicating that most parts of the area are poorly protected and prone to groundwater contamination. ArcGIS software (version 10.8.2) was used to generate groundwater vulnerability maps. This study shows that geophysical methods and GIS model are effective tools for groundwater vulnerability assessment. The study recommended continuous monitoring of groundwater and seek for control of mining activities to protect groundwater resources.
Effectiveness of Malawian Law in Protecting Pangolins from Illegal Wildlife Trade
Illegal wildlife trade is one of the most common problems concerning wildlife conservation in Malawi. Pangolins are one of the most traded and trafficked animals despite laws being there to protect them from illegal wildlife trade. The study was conducted in February and March of 2023, to assess the effectiveness of the Malawian law in protecting pangolins from illegal wildlife trade, in the last three years (January 2020-January 2023, which is still on the rise. This study hypothesised that the present Malawian law does not effectively protect pangolins from illegal wildlife trade. A qualitative research with a social legal research approach was conducted, and data was collected through interviews and desk research. Primary data was collected through interviews using a questionnaire with judicial officers such as judges and magistrates and police officers in Mzuzu, Lilongwe, Zomba and Machinga, but also officers at the Department of National Parks and Wildlife including Lilongwe Wildlife Trust. Additionary questionnaires were administered to twenty (20) University of Malawi Law Students to understand their perception on pangolins and illegal wildlife trade in line with their legal stand. Secondary data was gathered by assessing Malawian law (The Constitution, National wildlife policy, National parks and wildlife Act and the Penal code)on how it is enforced and implemented and the challenges involved. Data was then analysed using the narrative analysis method. The study showed that illegal pangolin trade cases are still on the rise. The Malawian law has some strengths and weaknesses in dealing with illegal pangolin trade. There are several barriers to practical implementation of the law in Malawi. For instance, people are ignorant of the law in question, lack sensitisation, awareness and civic education, geographical set up of areas such as Mangochi and Machinga promote illegal pangolin trade, poor investigative and prosecution skills result into acquittals of some culprits, and that there is knowledge gap on the side of judicial officers in applying the law. It was therefore concluded that the law is not effective in protecting pangolins from illegal wildlife trade. Most importantly the provisions in the present law have to be maintained, but the enforcement and implementation of the law needs to be improved. People need to be civic educated to know how the law works.
Pangolin, CITES, Illegal Wildlife Trade, Law, Enforcement, Implementation
Enhancing Disaster Resilience through Risk Assessment and Sustainable Planning in the Lekki-Epe Corridor, Lagos
The resilience of coastal areas is seriously threatened by environmental degradation, urbanisation, and climate change. The study examines the vulnerability of the Lekki-Epe corridor in Lagos State, Nigeria, to flooding, with an emphasis on ecological risk and socio-economic impact, among other factors. Using geospatial analysis, Ordinary Weighted Average (OWA) and Multi-criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), integrated vulnerability mapping was conducted to assess susceptibility levels across different areas. The results indicate that a substantial portion (69.3%) of the study area falls within the very vulnerable category, particularly in rapidly urbanising zones where wetland encroachment and poor drainage infrastructure exacerbate environmental hazards. The study emphasises how these vulnerabilities have social and economic repercussions, such as greater susceptibility to climate-induced floods, community displacement, infrastructure destruction, and economic disruptions. To enhance resilience, the results highlight the necessity of better land-use regulations, coordinated urban planning, and the utilisation of nature-based solutions. Additionally, there is a need for stronger environmental governance, building of flood-resistant infrastructure, and the use of geospatial technology for early warning and real-time monitoring of catastrophes. Future research should explore dynamic climate modelling, real-time vulnerability assessments, and participatory planning approaches to improve disaster risk reduction strategies. This study contributes to the growing discourse on urban disaster resilience, providing insights for policymakers, urban planners, and environmental scientists seeking to mitigate vulnerabilities in rapidly developing coastal regions.
Comparative Analysis of the Common Household Agents on Aedes and Culex Larval Development and Control
Mosquitoes are known for spreading dangerous diseases such as dengue, chikungunya, Zika, and filariasis. Although chemical and biological methods are commonly used to control mosquito populations, their drawbacks have sparked growing interest in alternative solutions that are effective, low-cost, and environmentally friendly. This study investigates the larvicidal effects of household items such as salt, liquid dishwashing detergent, and vinegar on Aedes and Culex mosquito larvae under laboratory conditions. Larvae were exposed to five concentrations of each substance, and lethal concentration (LC₅₀) values were determined using probit analysis. For Aedes aegypti, LC₅₀ values were 1.152% for salt, 0.015% for dishwashing liquid, and 0.084% for vinegar. For Aedes albopictus, the values were 1.200%, 0.023%, and 0.118%, respectively. Meanwhile, Culex quinquefasciatus showed LC₅₀ values of 1.335% (salt), 0.021% (dishwashing liquid), and 0.131% (vinegar). There were no significant differences in larval mortality among species treated with salt, (p = .966) and vinegar, (p = .151) although a slight difference was observed for dishwashing liquid (p = .032). All treatments caused clear behavioral and physical changes in the larvae. Larvae showed abnormal behaviours such as restless movement and self-biting, resulting in a curled “C-ring” shape. Darkening of body parts, especially the abdomen and anal papillae, was observed and is attributed to melanization resulting from tissue damage. These results suggest that common household products have potential as practical, sustainable tools for mosquito control at the community level.
The Taxonomy of Selected Economic Timber Species in Benue State, Nigeria
Illegal falling of economic trees in Benue State has led to destruction of ecosystems and habitats of rare species and possible extinction of many trees. The aim of this study was to investigate the taxonomy of economic trees in Benue State and trace phylogenetic relationships for conservation purposes. Random selection of four tree species located at Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi (JOSTUM) were investigated: Bombax ceiba, Adansonia digitata, Ceiba pentandra, and Syzygium cumin. Morphological variation and genetic diversity of each sample were evaluated using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Phylogenetic trees to elucidate evolutionary relationships among these species were constructed. Morphological assessments focused on key traits such as leaf shape, flower structure, and fruit characteristics, revealing distinct variations that correlate with species identification. Molecular analysis using RAPD markers yielded informative genetic profiles, demonstrating significant polymorphism across the studied taxa. The constructed phylogenetic tree illustrates the genetic relationships, highlighting evolutionary patterns and divergence among the studied species. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the morphological and genetic diversity of these economically and ecologically important plants, contributing to their conservation and utilization strategies.
A Comparative Study of Species Richness and Abundance in Protected Areas of Malawi
Malawi is a country in the southern part of Africa and has more than 50% of her people living in poverty. In most cases they depend on natural resources to support their daily livelihood. This heavy reliance on natural resources increases the threat on biodiversity richness and abundance. The aim of this study was to understand current state of biodiversity richness and abundance in three protected areas (Mulanje forest reserve (Southern region), Lilongwe nature sanctuary (Central region) and Mzuzu botanic garden (Northern region)) and the effectiveness of conservation efforts that are in place. Assessing species richness and abundance is crucial in determining population trends, conservation planning, and monitoring programs in the management of protected areas (PAs). A cross sectional descriptive and explorative study with a mixed method approach was carried in these three protected areas. A questionnaire and focus group discussions (FGDs) were utilised to collect data. The study was conducted among forest reserve managers, plant identification specialists, game rangers and community members in the three protected areas. Data was collected using structured questionnaires and interview guides and analysed using Microsoft excel software. The results showed that there is low species richness and abundance in the protected areas due to anthropogenic activities. This was supported by findings which revealed low diversity indices of 1.52, 1.18 and 1.13 for Mzuzu botanic gardens, Mulanje mountain forest reserve and Lilongwe nature sanctuary respectively. To reduce the impact of anthropogenic activities, there is need to intensify day and night patrols to reduce intruders from encroaching the protected areas. Awareness campaigns on the value of the biodiversity would help reduce instances of poaching and smuggling of endangered species but also outreach programs in schools would help to instil a culture of appreciation for nature by students. Re-afforestation programs, establishment of wood-lots and not forgetting community involvement in all activities of biodiversity conservation in the surrounding areas are of paramount importance. These would ease the pressure of over- reliance on natural resources by community members surrounding the protected areas.
Biodiversity, Nature sanctuary, Richness, Abundance, Anthropogenic, Conservation
New Records of the Spider Fauna from Perlis State
Perlis is endowed with a diverse range of ecosystems supporting a significant flora and fauna biodiversity. Despite its high species richness, few studies have been performed to highlight the diversity of spider species in Perlis. Spider fauna surveys were conducted during Scientific Expeditions at Perlis State Park on 15th – 16th October 2019 and Eco Park Rimba Bukit Ayer on 4th – 6th October 2022. Based on the survey, ten spiders from 41 collected specimens were identified, constituting eight families and nine genera. Out of these, eight genera were identified as new records for Perlis including Nephila, Nephilengys, Orsinome, Pholcus, Psechrus, Heteropoda, Chilobarchys, and Damarchus, with only three being identified at the species level. Overall, the observed spiders are well represented by Araneidae (N = 2), Tetragnathidae (N = 1), Pholcidae (N = 2), Psechridae (N = 1), Liphistidae (N = 1), Sparassidae (N = 1), Theraphosidae (N = 1), and Bemmeridae (N = 1). This baseline data will assist in shedding light on biodiversity and conservation of spider species in Perlis.
Assessment of Weekday and Weekend Variations on Ground Level Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide Concentration in Jeli, Kelantan
This study examines the variations in ground-level ozone (O₃) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) concentrations between weekdays and weekends in Jeli and their relationship with traffic volume. Data were collected over two weeks in August 2024 using the Aeroqual S500 device and manual traffic counting. The results showed that NO₂ concentrations were lower on weekends, with median values ranging from 20 to 40 parts per billion (ppb), while O₃ concentrations were higher (15–30 ppb) compared to weekdays (10–20 ppb). This trend was attributed to reduced nitrogen monoxide emissions and enhanced photochemical reactions under lower NO₂ conditions. Traffic volume was significantly higher on weekdays, peaking during morning (7–9 a.m.) and evening (4–6 p.m.) rush hours, with Class 1 vehicles averaging 400 vehicles/hour on weekdays and 300 vehicles/hour on weekends. Consequently, NO₂ concentrations were higher on weekdays (60–80 ppb median values, peaking at 140 ppb). Statistical analyses, including T-tests, indicated no significant differences in mean concentrations between weekdays and weekends. Pearson correlation analysis confirmed a moderate positive relationship between traffic volume and NO₂ (0.410), while O₃ levels were influenced by sunlight intensity and atmospheric chemistry. These findings highlight the impact of traffic emissions on NO₂ and the importance of photochemical processes in O₃ variations, emphasising the need for effective air quality management strategies.
Effect of Two Different Medias on Selected Liberica Coffee Clones Stem Cuttings Performance
Coffee production in Malaysia has been declining, and the demand for high-quality coffee is increasing. To address this issue, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI) has released new coffee clones, MKL 8, 9, and 10 with promising yield quality. Under current guidelines, planting materials must be produced through grafting, but huge drawback are the time needed to produce matured planting materials. A new potential technique was developed and could save a lot of time and this technique is known as stem cuttings was studied using standard media sand and soil (1:1). Therefore, study aimed to evaluate the effects of two different media on the vegetative performance of stem cuttings on selected clone MKL 8, 9 and 10 was carried out. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with a factorial arrangement with five replications. The results showed that the type of media significantly affected root fresh weight and root dry weight, with media 1 (soil, peat moss, and sand in a ratio of 4:2:1) performing better than media 2 (soil, sand, and CIRP in a ratio of 4:4:1). The clones also exhibited significant differences in SPAD meter readings, height, and leaf number, with MKL 8 performing better than MKL 9 and MKL 10. Correlation analysis revealed that SPAD readings were positively associated with leaf number and survival, while plant height was positively associated with leaf number, survival, fresh root weight, and dry root weight. This study highlights the importance of selecting suitable clones and media for coffee stem cuttings to ensure better performance and improve coffee production in Malaysia.
Insect Pollinator Diversity and Significance of Pollen Resources in Urban Landscape
Insects are the most common pollinators of flowering plants. Urban landscape often lacks of flora diversity, potentially limiting the pollinators' population; thus, flowering plants would face a great decline, and this may reduce the habitat diversity of nature. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine insect pollinators in selected parks in the urban area of Penang Island and its floral source. Insect trapping using light traps and sweep nets was carried out and a total of 65 families from 10 orders were collected from three parks: Youth Park, Botanic Garden and Moon Gate in Penang. Out of that, 13 families were determined as pollinators. Insects from the order Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Hemiptera were the principal representative orders in all study areas. Diurnal insects reported three pollen types; predominant (eight pollen species), secondary (nine pollen species) and important minor (one pollen species) while nocturnal insects recorded the Apidae family with four pollen types; predominant (13 pollen species) secondary (five pollen species), important minor (six pollen species) and minor (two pollen species). The presence of insect pollinators in urban areas suggests that such environments can play a significant role in supporting insect biodiversity that will survive in the urban landscape with nature-based.
Volunteer Tourism Development in Malaysia: A Case Study in Bukit Belungkor, Johor
Volunteer tourism is a relatively new tourism sector that is being actively promoted in Malaysia nowadays. Volunteer tourism acts as a link between nature-based and community-based tourism. This creates a mutually beneficial connection that encourages responsible tourism. Volunteer tourism generally holds a low level of awareness in Malaysia. This study aims to investigate ways volunteer tourism can help empower local communities and tourists at Bukit Belungkor, Kota Tinggi, Johor. These communities should work together voluntarily to help sustain and conserve the natural ecosystem within Bukit Belungkor. This study gathered data from a questionnaire, stakeholder engagement, and interviews with volunteers. Data from the survey were analyzed by using Microsoft Excel to evaluate the results of pre- and post-program questionnaires. The mean value of each question was calculated and compared via a t test to gauge the tourist’s level of knowledge and experience after volunteering at Bukti Belungkor. Our study discovered eight stakeholders from government and non-governmental organizations that are directly involved in the volunteer tourism initiative. Twenty-four respondents who joined the volunteer tourism program at Bukit Belungkor answered the survey. From the survey, we discovered that the knowledge of volunteer tourists on volunteer tourism, biodiversity, and stingless bee increased after joining the program. Volunteer tourism acted as a platform for the participants to deepen their knowledge through hands-on activities and engagement. From the survey results, we suggested an improved volunteer tourism package for Bukit Belungkor. The new tourism package is an advanced package with the addition of activities, a new price range, and a longer program duration to attract more volunteer tourists to Bukit Belungkor.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Sustainable Natural Resources https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Spatial Distribution of Pontoscolex corethrurus and Haemadipsa zeylanica in UiTM Negeri Sembilan Reserve Forest
Annelida, commonly found in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine environments, exhibits notable species diversity and ecological abundance. However, limited research has been conducted on Annelida in the UiTM Negeri Sembilan Forest Reserve, leading to a gap in understanding their ecological roles. This study aims to identify Annelida species and assess their diversity across four designated sites within the forest reserve. Sampling was carried out over four weeks using quadrats and hand-sorting techniques, with soil types classified through the Jar Test Method. A total of 77 Annelida specimens were collected: Site 1 (N = 14), Site 2 (N = 30), Site 3 (N = 11), and Site 4 (N = 22). Morphological identification revealed two species: Pontoscolex corethrurus (N = 70) and Haemadipsa zeylanica (N = 7). Species richness (R) was calculated at 0.23, with a diversity index (H) of 0.305 and evenness (E) of 0.44, indicating relatively low diversity. These findings contribute to the understanding and conservation of Annelida habitats in the forest reserve, highlighting the need for further research to explore the species diversity in greater depth.
Mapping Groundwater Potential Zones in Parts of Southwestern Nigeria: An Integrated Approach
Groundwater is undoubtedly the most abundant source of freshwater on Earth. However, groundwater assessment and exploration are multi-tasking particularly in the basement complex terrain due to uneven distribution of this resource within the subsurface aided by variations in hydrogeological factors. To overcome these tasks, the integrated approach based on advanced applications of Geographic Information System (GIS), Remote Sensing (RS), Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), and Vertical Electrical Resistivity (VES) serves as a useful and efficient tool for studying the development and management of the water resources in southern parts of Akure. Akure south region, comprising a hard rock terrain, is situated in the water grappled zone of southwest, Nigeria. The groundwater potential was evaluated based on eight relevant and effective factors: slope, lineament density, drainage density, geology, aquifer thickness, resistivity, hydraulic conductivity, and transmissivity. The final GWPZ map is categorized into three potentiality zones following overlay analysis of the thematic layers in the ArcGIS 10.8 environment: the poor zone (which makes up the majority of the area with 57%), the intermediate zone (35%), and the good zone (8%). After CR was used to validate the final Groundwater Potential Zones (GWPZ) map created by combining all the theme layers, it was found that AHP was a useful method (CR accuracy = 0.08 or 8%) for identifying possible groundwater zones in the research area. The research demonstrated that a multi-technique approach is the most reliable and effective method for accurately assessing groundwater potential.
An In-depth Analysis of the Contemporary Biological Characteristics of Aedes Mosquitoes in Laboratory Conditions
Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are recognized vectors of various arboviruses, including dengue, Zika, and chikungunya, contributing significantly to global public health challenges. The investigation aimed to clarify essential aspects of the biological dynamics of both Aedes species under standardized laboratory conditions. This included developmental duration, adult lifespan, gonotrophic cycle, and morphometric parameters across various life stages. Findings revealed that the lifecycle completion of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in laboratory settings averaged approximately 8.75 days and 10.35 days, respectively, with no statistically significant difference observed between the two species. Intriguingly, a notable difference in longevity was observed between male and female mosquitoes, with females showing significantly longer lifespans (P<0.05). Specifically, male Ae. aegypti demonstrated a mean survival time of 24 days, contrasting with females' longevity of 33.80 days. Similarly, male Ae. albopictus displayed a mean lifespan of 16.60 days, while females persisted for approximately 21.40 days. Morphometric analyses revealed subtle yet noteworthy differences, with Ae. aegypti exhibiting slightly larger egg dimensions (0.567 mm) compared to Ae. albopictus (0.526 mm). Similarly, pupal cephalothorax measurements revealed a slight difference, with Ae. aegypti measuring 2.021 mm and Ae. albopictus measuring 1.928 mm. In conclusion, these findings provide valuable insights into the intricate biology of Aedes mosquitoes, thereby facilitating the development of targeted strategies for disease control and mitigation. Such endeavors are crucial in the ongoing battle against arboviral diseases and underscore the significance of rigorous scientific inquiry in public health initiatives.
Initial Study of Spatial Distribution of Freshwater Gastropods in UiTM Negeri Sembilan Reserve Forest
Freshwater gastropods are a highly diverse and ecologically significant group within the phylum Mollusca. They contribute to nutrient cycling, serve as bioindicators, and support aquatic food webs. Despite their ecological importance, very few comprehensive studies on their presence were done in UiTM Negeri Sembilan Reserve Forest. Thus, this study aims to add more knowledge regarding freshwater gastropods by determining the species’ occurrence and population density in this area. Collection of samples was conducted from March to April 2024 using a quadrat method at three different sites designated as P1, P2, and P3. Observations revealed the presence of only one species, Melanoides tuberculata, with 430 individuals. The density recorded was 277/m2 (P1), 168/m2 (P2), and 128/m2 (P3). This study provides insights into the number of freshwater gastropods from different sites in the area.
Timber and Fuel Wood Consumption and Replenishment in Ile-Ife: Implications for Conservation and Sustainability
The present alarming rate at which natural resources are being exploited, especially in developing countries like Nigeria, calls for conservation efforts. We evaluated timber and fuelwood consumption and replenishment in Ile-Ife to estimate the amount of wood consumed and restored from January to December 2015 as part of a proactive conservation approach. Data were collected using 766 structured questionnaires from six categories of respondents (saw millers, tree fellers, food sellers, bread bakers, farmers, and fuelwood dealers) within the Ile-Ife metropolis. Some of the data gathered included the names of trees commonly felled or used, potential buyers, frequency of tree felling per week, quantity of trees removed from the forest, amount of wood consumed, and the respondents' perceptions of the effects of their occupations on climate change. The results indicated that the majority of respondents were male (67%), had no formal education, and had no knowledge of environmental laws. Twenty-nine tree species were the most commonly felled, with timber and fuelwood accounting for 18 and 8 species, respectively. A total of 858,728 metric tons of wood was removed from forests, primarily by farmers and tree fellers, while the estimated amounts of wood removed, consumed, and harvested were all significantly higher than the amount restored (p < 0.005). The findings revealed that there is no conservation strategy in the area. However, for the sustainable use of natural resources, the government should take the initiative to implement tree conservation measures to reduce the rate of deforestation from wood removal and consumption and to enhance or promote forest conservation.
Investigating Measures, Challenges and Possible Solutions for Protecting Endangered Birds Species Around Lake Chilwa Ramsar Site in Malawi
This study was conducted to investigate measures, challenges and possible solutions established when protecting the endangered bird species around Lake Chilwa Ramsar site. Lake Chirwa is a shallow basin lake located in the south eastern region of Malawi. It is the second largest lake in Malawi and the twelfth largest in Africa. Lake Chilwa was designated as a wetland of international importance in November 1997 (Ramsar site No. 869). Its wetland is approximately 2310 km2 and it is a home for various bird species whose lives are endangered because of the high demand for the wetland’s resources. The drying out of the lake forced inhabitants who depended on it for fish to hunting birds. In order to protect the endangered bird species, Leadership for Environment and Development (LEAD) of Malawi in collaboration with communities around intervened with measures to protect endangered bird species. This study aimed at investigating the effectiveness of these measures. Data was collected through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Findings show that the effectiveness of the measures to protect endangered birds species depend on collaborative efforts of various stakeholders and involvement of the local inhabitants of the area. Interventions such as civic education, natural habitat restoration, creation of sanctuaries, annual closed season and patrolling of sanctuaries by game rangers have proven to be the most effective. However, the study found that these measures were effective when LEAD project was in place and became less effective when the project pulled out. The study further found that conflict of interest, encroachment and poaching, lack of resources and resistance to change by some inhabitants negatively affect implementation of the interventions in the wetland.
Qualitative Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Properties of the Leaves of Miconia crenata (Vahl) Michelang. (Melastomataceae) from Ayer Hitam Utara Forest Reserve, Johor, Malaysia
Medicinal plants have long been recognised as valuable resources for traditional medicine and modern pharmaceutical research due to their rich reservoirs of bioactive compounds. This research aims to provide data on the phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of a common tropical shrub, Miconia crenata, from Ayer Hitam Utara Forest Reserve. Total flavonoid content was determined by using the chloride colorimetric method, while antioxidant activity was validated by the DPPH radical scavenging assay. Phytochemical screening of M. crenata revealed secondary metabolites such as phenols and flavonoids, while the methanol extract of the leaves of M. crenata showed a total flavonoid content of 508.84 ± 154.42 mg/mg at a concentration of 0.02 mg/mL, and antioxidant activity recorded a low IC50 value of 40.54 μg/mL, indicating a high antioxidant potential.
Biomedical properties, peat swamp forest, medicinal plants, secondary forest
Effectiveness of Land Restoration in African’s Great Green Wall (GGW): Insight from Nigeria’s Frontline State
The Sahel region of Africa faces severe land degradation, compromising crucial ecosystem services vital for human well-being. In response, 11 African countries initiated the Great Green Wall (GGW) project to combat land degradation, with Nigeria, including Borno state, actively participating. This study focuses on evaluating GGW's effectiveness in Borno state using Landsat imagery from 1993 to 2022. Data from Landsat satellites, specifically Landsat 4, 5, 7, and 8, were utilized alongside GIS tools like ArcGIS 10.8 for image classification and analysis. Microsoft Office aided in data visualization and report generation, while Google Earth Pro facilitated area calculation and feature confirmation. The analysis, employing NDVI trends and a two-way repeated measures ANOVA, revealed a non-significant impact of GGW on greening in the region (F-value: 0.665, p>0.05). Despite the implementation of GGW in Borno state, findings suggest limited effectiveness in mitigating land degradation. This underscores the need for reassessment and potential recalibration of GGW strategies to achieve desired ecological restoration outcomes in the Sahel region.
Rooted Cutting of Gymnostoma Sumatranum for Land Reclamation in Degraded Ultramafic Forests in Sabah
Gymnostoma sumatranum, a member of the Casuarinaceae family, is a resilient tree species well-adapted to nutrient-deficient soils. In Sabah, it stands out among the three and widely distributed Casuarina species, holding promise for land reclamation initiatives in degraded ultramafic forests. This comprehensive study addresses three primary objectives for effective G. sumatranum propagation, 1) sprig selection for rooted cutting, 2) impact of commercial rooting hormones on growth and nodulation, and 3) identification of suitable potting media for seedling development. The results indicated that the middle-part sprig is preferable for rooted cutting, with a higher rooting percentage (75.9%) compared to the upper-part sprig (57.5%). Additionally, the use of Seradix-3 as a growth hormone treatment yields significant improvements in explant length and root production. However, variations in root nodulation, influenced by different treatments, suggested limitations in commercial rooting hormones, with only 31% of rooted explants exhibiting nodulation. This underscores the need for further research to comprehend factors influencing nodulation in this context. In terms of potting media, river sand (R-sand) emerges as the most effective for G. sumatranum seedling development in the nursery stage based on S-index (healthy seedlings = 31.5%) and growth index (Height = 51.14±14.82 mm; N-Branch = 51.14±14.82), emphasising the critical role of proper potting medium selection for optimal seedling growth and survival. The study also highlights previous restoration efforts by the Sabah Forestry Department, utilising G. sumatranum and other pioneer species to restore degraded ultramafic areas in Sabah. Overall, these results contribute to the long-term goal of restoring the functioning capacity of valuable ultramafic ecosystems and promoting sustainable reforestation practices.
The Development of the Hybrid Electric Vehicle Market by the Use of Interpretive Structural Modelling
The last few years have seen the automobile industry grow at its fastest rate ever thanks to groundbreaking advancements in information technology and higher living standards brought about by Bangladeshi people. Naturally, the burgeoning market places a great deal of strain on the available non-renewable resources, such as fossil fuels, natural gas, and crude oil. If an alternative doesn't emerge to alleviate the current crisis, the supply and demand are beyond the breakeven point, and things could get worse. One of the other options for resolving the crisis is the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). However, in Bangladesh, the HEV market is still in its infancy as compared to other developed and developing nations. The market for hybrid electric vehicles is expanding in Bangladesh due to a number of factors. With the aid of an Interpretive Structural Model (ISM), the current study examines the most important variables for the growth and promotion of the HEV market in Bangladesh.
Environmental Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution around Industrial Area in Southwestern, Nigeria
This study investigated the heavy metals contamination around industrial district in Southwest Nigeria. The study region lies between latitudes 7° 54 and 7° 56 and longitudes 6° 24 and 6° 27. Thirty (30) samples of groundwater, thirty (30) samples of soil, and twelve (12) samples of plants were collected from the study area. All samples were collected in triplicate. Physical and chemical parameters were examined in groundwater, soil, and plant samples. The average pH level in groundwater samples is 7.2 which falls within the Nigerian Standards for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ). The ranges of the other physical parameters (Ec, TDS, and TH) are also within the acceptable limits. The mean concentrations of heavy metals (HMs) in groundwater samples are Mn (0.020mg/l), Zn (0.010mg/l), Ni (0.010mg/l), Cr (0.130mg/l), Cu (0.020mg/l), and Fe (0.090mg/l) with the exception of Pb (0.090mg/l) that above the recommended level. According to the index of geo-accumulation (Igeo), soil and plant samples are not polluted with respect to the heavy metals tested. The analysis of the human risk assessment of HMs reveals that the values for the carcinogenic risk are within acceptable bounds, however the values for the non-carcinogenic risk are substantially above acceptable bounds. This demonstrates that non-carcinogenic health impacts are a threat to the broader population. This study suggests continuous monitoring of groundwater, soil, and plant in the study area.
Comparative Analysis of Bunch Weight and Fruit-to-Bunch Ratio Between Dura and Tenera Oil Palm Varieties
Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.), a vital crop in global agriculture known for its high oil yield, predominantly features two fruit types: Dura and Tenera. Despite their economic importance, there's a paucity of research on how these varieties differ in bunch weight and fruit-to-bunch ratio, key factors in optimizing oil palm cultivation and promoting sustainable practices. This study addresses this knowledge gap by examining the influence of Dura and Tenera fruit types on these parameters. We gathered data on bunch weight and fruit-to-bunch percentage from plantations cultivating both varieties. Our findings indicate Dura had a marginally higher mean bunch weight (18.88 kg) compared to Tenera (17.30 kg), and a similar trend was observed in the fruit-to-bunch ratio, with Dura at 73.29% and Tenera at 66.15%. These results suggest that the choice of fruit type should be a consideration in planting strategies. Further investigation is warranted into the genetic and environmental contributors to these observed disparities.
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Effect of Different Mycorrhiza Treatments on Spore Counts in Oil Palm Topsoil
Mycorrhiza fungi are pivotal in oil palm cultivation, offering potential for enhanced growth and a reduced need for chemical fertilizers. However, the effectiveness of varying volumes and application timings of mycorrhiza remains an underexplored area. This gap, especially in the context of nursery-stage oil palm topsoil, challenges the advancement of sustainable cultivation practices. Addressing this, our study sought to evaluate the impact of different mycorrhiza volumes on spore counts in oil palm topsoil at nursery. Over a period of four months, we administered three levels of mycorrhiza treatments (0.5g, 1.0g, and 1.5g per plant) and conducted a thorough analysis using a 2-way ANOVA. The results revealed no statistically significant difference in spore counts due to varying mycorrhiza weights, as indicated by an F-value of 1.67 and a p-value of 0.209. However, the time factor, represented by different months, showed a significant impact on spore counts, with an F-value of 4.36 and a p-value of 0.014. Additionally, the interaction between mycorrhiza weight and month did not significantly influence spore counts, evidenced by an F-value of 0.31 and a p-value of 0.928. This study underscores the importance of temporal factors over mycorrhiza volume in oil palm nurseries and contributes valuable insights for optimizing sustainable cultivation practices.
Comparative Analysis of Oil Content in Dura and Tenera Palm Fruit Varieties
The oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is a vital crop in global agriculture, known for its high oil production. Among the oil palm varieties, Dura and Tenera stand out as the most prominent fruit types. Despite the economic significance of the oil palm, there has been limited research aimed at thoroughly examining the components of oil content between Dura and Tenera fruits. It is crucial to comprehend how these fruit types affect oil content, particularly in terms of the percentage of oil to bunch (OTB%), percentage of oil to fruit (OTF%), and percentage of oil to dry mesocarp (%OTDM), as this knowledge is crucial in determining the quality of oil palm cultivation and ensuring sustainable oil production. This study seeks to bridge the existing knowledge gap by investigating the influence of different fruit types, Dura and Tenera, on %OTF, %OTB, and %OTDM. We have gathered a dataset of %OTF, %OTB, and %OTDM from oil palm plantations representing both Dura and Tenera fruit types. Our analysis reveals substantial differences in the percentages of %OTF, %OTB, and %OTDM between Dura and Tenera oil palm fruit types. Particularly noteworthy is the significant variation in the oil-to-fruit percentage, underscoring a marked distinction between Tenera and Dura palms, characterized by a p-value of 0.00 and a robust t-value of 11.56 by using the statistical examination. This finding aligns with the industry's perception of Tenera as a superior cultivar for oil yield, supported by its significantly higher oil accumulation within individual fruits.
Investigating Pest Birds Problems and Potential Solutions in Sawah Ring, Tangkak
In the agricultural sector, especially paddy fields, birds are considered pests when they destroy the paddy plants by eating the grains and reducing crop production. Pest birds are a common problem in agriculture. Nevertheless, studies of the pest birds, particularly on their distribution, ecology, and management, are still scarce in Malaysia. One of the significant pest birds in this case study is the Purple Swamphen (Porphyrio porphyrio). The objectives of this study are (1) to identify pest birds species (2) to investigate the behaviour of Purple Swamphen (Porphyrio porphyrio) and (3) to provide potential solutions for pest birds problems to local farmers at Sawah Ring, Tangkak. The methods used were direct observation using binoculars, spotter scope, and a digital camera. Besides that, a survey through the distribution of questionnaires and interviews was also conducted among the local people at the study site. Five species of pest birds have been recorded, which are, Purple Swamphen (Porphyrio porphyrio), Lesser Whistling Duck (Dendrocygna javanica), Scaly-breasted Munia (Lonchura punctulata), Javan Munia (Lonchura leucogastroides) and Baya Weaver (Ploceus philippinus). From the list, Purple Swamphen (Porphyrio porphyrio), was identified as the most disturbing pest bird. The occurrence of this species were marked at Block 1, Block 3, Block 15, Block 16, Block 18, and Block 19 at Sawah Ring, Tangkak, and the species' behaviour (resting, nesting, feeding, etc.) was also recorded. In terms of solutions, several methods have been identified to overcome the pest bird problem based on the literature studies, such as physical and chemical repellent, buzzer and mesh networks, and also acoustic tools. Overall, pest birds are a significant problem in the paddy field areas of Sawah Ring, Tangkak. It reduced the quantity and quality of paddy production and caused losses to farmers. Understanding the occurrence and behaviour of pest birds is indeed crucial for better management of these pest bird species.