Journal of Social Transformation and Regional Development
Journal of Social Transformation and Regional Development (JSTARD) is an international, open access and peer reviewed journal which is published bi-yearly (June and December) by Institute for Transformation and Regional Development. The principle purpose of the journal is to publish scholarly work in the area of social transformation and regional development that is in the social sciences, the humanities, the natural sciences and the regional development. The research that is published should be original and unpublished results of conceptual, constructive, empirical, experimental or theoretical work in all areas of social transformation and regional development. Contributions are welcome from all fields which have relevant and insightful comments to make about the social transformation and regional development.
Determinants of Low Political Participation among Indigenous People in Malaysia: A Systematic Literature Review
Orang Asli and other Indigenous peoples of Malaysia, including native communities in Sabah and Sarawak, represent minority populations historically marginalized in political, economic, and social domains. While Malaysia has introduced inclusive policies since independence to improve access to development, Indigenous political representation and engagement remain disproportionately low. This review aims to assess the nature, patterns, barriers, and enablers of political participation among Indigenous peoples in Malaysia over the last two decades. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines were used to conduct this systematic review. The research question was framed using the Population, Phenomenon of Interest, Context, and Outcome (PICO) framework. Comprehensive searches were conducted across Scopus, Web of Science, EBSCOhost, PubMed, ProQuest, Google Scholar, MyJurnal, and MyCite databases. The screening and selection process identified 8 relevant studies published between 2000 and 2025. These studies were appraised using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) for methodological quality. The included literature focused on Orang Asli in Peninsular Malaysia (5 studies), Indigenous youth participation (2 studies), and cross-regional comparisons including Sabah and Sarawak (1 study). Four primary themes emerged: legal-institutional barriers to participation, lack of political education, marginalization in mainstream electoral processes, and emerging Indigenous-led activism. Despite policy advancements, Indigenous political participation remains limited by structural discrimination, inadequate representation, and mistrust in political institutions. However, an emerging trend in youth-led movements and community empowerment initiatives presents a promising shift. There is a critical need for targeted civic education, legislative reform, and meaningful inclusion of Indigenous voices in decision-making processes to improve democratic participation and Indigenous sovereignty in Malaysia.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Social Transformation and Regional Development https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Future Scenarios of Smart Glasses for Visual Impaired Persons in Malaysia: A STEEPV-Based Foresight Study
Visual impairment affects millions of people worldwide, yet the potential of smart glasses as an assistive technology remains largely unexplored in the Malaysian context. This study examines the future drivers and scenarios of smart glasses for persons with visual impairment in Malaysia, and assesses the technology readiness of potential users. Employing an exploratory research design, the study applied STEEPV (Social, Technological, Environmental, Economic, Political, and Values) analysis to identify key drivers, followed by impact-uncertainty analysis and scenario building. A descriptive questionnaire was distributed to 384 potential users or their caregivers in the Kuala Lumpur area, yielding 251 valid responses (response rate: 65.36%). From the STEEPV analysis, 10 key drivers were identified and ranked by mean impact and uncertainty scores. Two drivers emerged as having the highest combined impact and uncertainty: Social and Interpersonal Dynamics (impact mean = 4.67; uncertainty mean = 3.35) and Technological Evolution and Adoption (impact mean = 4.56; uncertainty mean = 3.26). These two drivers were used to construct four future scenarios over a 10- to 20-year horizon: (1) “Develop New Social Channels for Interaction,” (2) “Mismatch Between Technology and User Needs,” (3) “Privacy and Security Issues,” and (4) “Stagnation in Society and Technology.” Technology Readiness Index (TRI) analysis revealed an overall TRI score of 3.69 (High), with Innovativeness (mean = 4.33) and Optimism (mean = 4.14) as the dominant positive attributes. The most probable future scenario is the development of new social channels for interaction, driven by high technology adoption and positive user attitudes. These findings provide evidence-based guidance for smart glasses developers, healthcare providers, and policymakers seeking to promote inclusive assistive technology in Malaysia.
Micromobility Adoption in an Urban Heritage City: Insights from Young Tourists in George Town, Penang
As heritage urban centres face increasing challenges related to congestion, pollution, and accessibility, micromobility solutions have emerged as promising alternatives, particularly among younger demographics. This research employed a causal research design to assess the factors influencing micromobility adaptation among young tourists in George Town, Penang. Among the factors are perceived benefit, cost saving, environment motivation and perceived social norms. 200 sample size were used for this research. Data on socio-demographic characteristics were analysed descriptively, while the evaluation of the measurement model was done through multiple regression analysis. Findings from this study aimed to provide valuable insights for policymakers, urban planners, and micromobility service providers seeking to promote sustainable transportation solutions within heritage sites and urban environments. By understanding the unique needs and preferences of youngsters, strategies can be developed to enhance the accessibility, affordability, and attractiveness of micromobility options, thereby fostering more inclusive and environmentally sustainable transportation systems in George Town and other heritage cities. The results indicate that while perceived advantages do not notably affect the adoption of micromobility, factors such as cost savings, perceived social norms, and environmental motivation play a significant role. The study underscores the importance of overcoming obstacles to micromobility adoption and fostering environmental consciousness to facilitate the integration of micromobility into urban transportation systems. Additionally, policymakers can utilise these findings to develop focused approaches aimed at enhancing micromobility integration, thus promoting environmental sustainability and preserving cultural heritage in Penang.
Sustainability / Sustainable Development
Transglobal Leadership as a Framework for Environmental Policy Diplomacy in Addressing Transboundary Forest Fire Impacts: Evidence from Malaysia and Indonesia
Transboundary forest fires remain one of Southeast Asia’s most persistent ecological and diplomatic challenges. Despite existing mechanisms under the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution (AATHP), regional responses remain largely voluntary and norm-driven with limited enforcement capacity. This study proposes transglobal leadership as a strategic framework to strengthen environmental policy diplomacy across borders. Using a qualitative descriptive approach complemented by bibliometric mapping (2015–2025), the research identifies the evolving intellectual landscape of transglobal leadership and its applicability to environmental governance. The findings reveal that effective transboundary haze management requires five core leadership values such as: strategic global vision, adaptive resilience, ethical responsibility, collaborative diplomacy, and knowledge-based innovation operationalized through adaptive, integrative, and collaborative mechanisms. Empirical evidence from Malaysia and Indonesia cooperation demonstrates partial progress in institutionalized coordination and shared environmental norms but highlights the need for binding accountability and deeper polycentric governance. The study concludes that embedding transglobal leadership values into ASEAN’s environmental diplomacy could transform the region’s haze management from reactive coordination into proactive and knowledge-driven ecological governance.
Environmental Policy, Public Policy, Governance Studies, Environmental Diplomacy, Sustainable Development, Regional Studies (Southeast Asia)
Community Empowerment Through Social Service: The Role of Sacrificial Animal Slaughter in Strengthening Solidarity and Economic Resilience in Sidoharjo Village, Pulung Ponorogo
The slaughter of sacrificial animals (qurban) is a religious practice in Islam that carries profound spiritual significance alongside its broad social and economic dimensions. This study aims to analyze the implementation of social service activities through qurban slaughter in Sidoharjo Village, Pulung, Ponorogo, and its impact on strengthening social solidarity and empowering the local economy. Using a qualitative approach with a case study method, the research involved direct observation during the activity, in-depth interviews with organizers, community leaders, and beneficiaries, as well as documentation analysis. The findings reveal three key impacts of qurban activities in Sidoharjo Village. First, in the social aspect, the activity fosters community solidarity through active participation in all stages, from fundraising and animal slaughter to meat distribution. Second, the meat distribution contributes significantly to food equity, particularly for underprivileged groups who have limited access to protein sources. Third, the activity positively impacts the local economy, benefiting livestock farmers who experience increased demand for sacrificial animals. Moreover, community involvement in managing the event creates temporary economic opportunities, such as roles in logistics and slaughter operations. This study highlights the importance of qurban slaughter as a community service model that integrates religious values with social harmony and economic empowerment. The findings provide valuable insights for implementing similar programs in other communities, emphasizing structured management to maximize their impact.
Qurban, Social Solidarity, Economic Empowerment, Social Service, Food Distribution, Rural Community
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Social Transformation and Regional Development https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Exploring the Mediating Role of Digital Supply Chain in the relationship Between Green Promotion and Sustainable Small Business Performance Among Indonesian MSMEs
The increasing demand for environmentally sustainable business practices has encouraged MSMEs to adopt green pricing strategies and digital transformation initiatives. However, the mechanism through which green pricing contributes to sustainable business performance remains insufficiently understood, particularly in developing economies. This study examines the effect of green price on sustainable small business performance and investigates the mediating role of the digital supply chain among MSMEs in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. A quantitative approach was employed using survey data collected from 306 MSME owners and managers. The data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with Smart-PLS 4.0. The findings reveal that green price does not have a significant direct effect on sustainable small business performance. However, green price significantly influences the adoption of digital supply chain practices, which in turn positively affect sustainable business performance. The results further demonstrate that the digital supply chain fully mediates the relationship between green price and sustainable small business performance. These findings suggest that green pricing strategies alone are insufficient to enhance sustainability outcomes unless supported by digital supply chain capabilities. This study contributes to the sustainability and MSME literature by highlighting the critical role of digital supply chain transformation in converting environmentally oriented pricing strategies into sustainable business performance.
Telegram as a Digital Learning Tool: Transforming Language Education
The integration of digital technologies into learning environments enables more efficient coordination between teachers and learners, overcoming physical and temporal barriers that often limit access to educational opportunities. This study investigates the use of Telegram as a mobile-based digital learning tool (DLT) to support undergraduate students in English language learning. Specifically, it examines learners’ perceptions of Telegram’s role in facilitating language acquisition and identifies challenges encountered during its use. Language learning materials were delivered through Telegram, accompanied by guided online discussions. Undergraduate participants were engaged with the materials, completed questionnaires, and participated in semi-structured interviews conducted via the online learning platform. Findings indicate that Telegram provides accessible English communication materials that promote frequent practices and sustained exposure to new language input. Its flexible, self-paced structure helped reduce time and space constraints, enabling deeper comprehension of learning content for the learners. Despite minor challenges related to engagement and navigation issues, learners perceived Telegram as a valuable support for language development. The study recommends broader institutional adoption of decentralized and accessible digital tools to enhance linguistic instructions and align teaching practices with contemporary technological advancements.
Developing Perception-Based Themes for Assessing Peri-Urban Landscape Elements
Peri-urban areas in developing countries are increasingly vulnerable to rapid development, which transforms their distinctive physical landscape elements. Identifying which elements are most exposed to change is essential for effective planning, management, and conservation. However, systematic and validated approaches for capturing these elements from community perspectives remain limited, particularly in peri-urban contexts. This study aimed to develop and validate a set of themes that could guide the construction of reliable questionnaires for assessing changes in peri-urban landscape elements within the context of Asia and Oceania. Drawing on the concepts of landscape character, land use change, and peri-urban development, a systematic literature review was conducted to identify relevant articles. Selected articles were coded and analysed using Atlas. ti, producing eight initial themes and 42 sub-themes, which were subsequently refined through expert evaluation into five key themes: landforms, natural vegetation, water bodies, agriculture, and heritage. These validated themes serve as a robust conceptual foundation for questionnaire development, ensuring that subsequent instruments are both context-specific and methodologically sound. In doing so, the study not only advances the methodological basis for peri-urban research but also offers practical guidance for scholars and practitioners seeking to design evidence-based tools for planning and regional development.
Using Human Resource Index (HRI) to Analyze Employee Satisfaction, Perceived Organizational Support, and the Impact on Quality of Management and Organization Effectiveness (A Study in Indonesian Manufacturing Companies)
This study examines the impact of Perceived Organizational Support (POS) on employee satisfaction, quality of management, and organizational effectiveness by using HRI attributes to construct the research variables. The research employs a quantitative cross-sectional survey design. A proportionate stratified random sampling technique was used to select a sample of 241 respondents from a population of 415 employees. Data collection was conducted using structured questionnaires, and data analysis included descriptive statistics to measure the Human Resource Index (HRI) and research variables using SPSS 27. Inferential statistical analysis involved measurement model testing and structural path analysis via Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (SEM-PLS) using WarpPLS 7.0. Findings indicate that POS has a very strong and significant positive effect on employee satisfaction, as well as a moderate but significant positive influence on organizational effectiveness. Employee satisfaction plays a crucial role in improving both management quality and organizational effectiveness directly. Despite the presence of organizational support, employee perceptions of human resource management (HRM) practices remain moderate, with a Human Resource Index (HRI) average score of 3.23, suggesting HRM practices are positive yet not fully optimized. Certain HRI attributes—such as reward systems, employee participation, and organizational concern for employees—show relatively low scores and represent areas needing improvement. Addressing these aspects is vital to reinforce the role of POS in enhancing employee satisfaction, thereby elevating management quality and organizational effectiveness. The study highlights that strategies focusing on tangible organizational support, continuous reward and recognition systems, enhanced employee participation, and improved management quality must be prioritized to foster a more productive work environment, higher employee satisfaction, and more efficient and effective organizations.
HRI, Employee Satisfaction, Perceived Organizational Support (POS), Organization Effectiveness.
The Dark Side of Leadership: Exploring the Influence of Leaders’ Psychoticism Trait on Employee Emotional Well-Being Through Emotional Intelligence
This conceptual paper examines the influence of psychoticism personality traits among organizational leaders on employee emotional well-being, emphasizing emotional management as a key component of emotional intelligence. Drawing on Hans Eysenck’s PEN model, the study explores how traits such as aggression, egocentrism, and lack of empathy in leadership can undermine employee self-esteem and psychological safety. Psychoticism is also linked to dark leadership traits including narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy, which contribute to toxic leadership styles. The paper integrates Mayer and Salovey’s Four Branch Model of Emotional Intelligence to demonstrate how emotional regulation and empathy serve as protective factors against the adverse effects of dark personality traits. A synthesis of recent literature and empirical findings confirms the relationship between emotional intelligence, transformational leadership effectiveness, and organizational commitment. Practical implications include personality screening in leadership selection, emotional intelligence training, and the development of psychologically safe workplace cultures. In conclusion, emotionally intelligent leadership can counterbalance the effects of psychoticism and enhance employee motivation, emotional resilience, and organizational harmony.
Sejarah Dunia dari Kacamata Alam Melayu: Satu Tinjauan Epsitemologi Alternatif
Malay: Artikel ini bertujuan untuk meninjau sejarah dunia melalui lensa pandangan alam Melayu sebagai satu usaha epistemologi alternatif dalam memahami naratif sejarah global. Wacana sejarah dunia sering didominasi oleh naratif Eurocentrik yang meminggirkan suara dan pengalaman peradaban bukan Barat, termasuk tamadun Melayu. Melalui pendekatan analisis kualitatif berbentuk kajian kepustakaan dan pemikiran kritikal, artikel ini mengemukakan pandangan alam Melayu sebagai satu kerangka epistemologi yang berasaskan nilai, tradisi, dan pengalaman lokal yang unik. Penulisan ini menelusuri bagaimana alam Melayu membentuk interaksi antarabangsa melalui jaringan perdagangan, penyebaran Islam, dan hubungan diplomatik sejak zaman silam. Artikel ini mencadangkan bahawa epistemologi Melayu mampu menyumbang kepada penulisan sejarah dunia yang lebih inklusif, adil, dan pelbagai suara, sejajar dengan usaha dekolonisasi ilmu dan pengiktirafan terhadap naratif alternatif dalam wacana akademik global. English: This article aims to explore world history through the lens of the Malay worldview as an effort towards an alternative epistemology in understanding the global historical narrative. The discourse on world history is often dominated by Eurocentric narratives that marginalize the voices and experiences of non-Western civilizations, including the Malay civilization. Through a qualitative approach involving literature review and critical thinking, this article presents the Malay worldview as an epistemological framework grounded in unique local values, traditions, and experiences. This paper traces how the Malay world shaped international interactions through trade networks, the spread of Islam, and diplomatic relations since ancient times. The article argues that Malay epistemology can contribute to a more inclusive, equitable, and multi-voiced account of world history, in line with the broader efforts of decolonizing knowledge and recognizing alternative narratives within global academic discourse.
The Assessment of Behaviour Intention to Use High Speed Rail (HSR) Service in Johor Among Generations Z: The Integration of PLS Structural Modelling
The Kuala Lumpur-Singapore High-Speed Rail (KL-SG HSR) is a significant infrastructure project with the potential to transform regional connectivity. However, the current study of generation Z ridership in high-speed rail (HSR) services reveals a complex interplay of preferences, behaviours and socio-economic factors that influence their travel choices. While generation Z is generally characterized by a preference for sustainable and technology-integrated transport options, these trends very significantly across different countries. This nuanced understanding is essential for optimizing HSR services to cater to this demographic. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the influences of attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behaviour control, trust, and external influences towards behaviour intention to use high speed rail services among Generation Z in Johor. A total of 1845 respondents were collected using online survey. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) was employed to validate the hypotheses generated based on the fundamental theory of Technology Acceptance Model and Theory of Planned Behaviour. Key findings revealed that attitude, perceived behavioural control, and trust were the most significant predictors of behavioural intention. All constructs were significant and all the hypotheses were accepted. The findings suggest that the variables of attitude, subjective norms, price, and perceived behavioural control as the most necessary condition to be meet by the HSR operator in future prior the establishment of HSR services and building trust in the HSR project to ensure its successful implementation and long-term sustainability.
“Jagong Pemuda” or Youth Dialogue: Building Independence and Moderate Attitudes in a Multicultural Society
The study of multicultural societies can help create a more tolerant society, moderate in religion, and better prepared to face complex social, political, and economic changes. "Jagong Pemuda," as a method aimed at exploring and identifying the potentials within the village that can be empowered to enhance independence, welfare, competitiveness, and moderate attitudes in a multicultural society. This research adopts the Asset-Based Community Development (ABCD) approach, which is a strategic framework aimed at harnessing the strengths and resources already present within a community. The ABCD approach consists of five key steps: Discovery, Dream, Design, Define, and Destiny. The object of discussion is all the activities of discussions, FGD, consolidation, and synergistic collaboration in utilizing the strengths and resources by all community elements through "Jagong Pemuda" in Bulu Lor Village, Jambon District, Ponorogo Regency, East Java, Indonesia. The findings of this study indicate that Bulu Lor Village has great potential in its multicultural diversity, with a Muslim majority and Buddhist and Christian minorities. "Jagong Pemuda" plays a role as a communication space that connects youth, government, and society to achieve significant empowerment, aiming to improve independence and welfare. By utilizing cultural, economic, tourism, and educational potentials, Bulu Lor Village has the opportunity to develop into an independent, prosperous, and harmonious village with sustainable moderate life.
Direct Participatory Model for Overcoming Bullying in Schools
Bullying must be handled, especially in the school environment. Bullying can be minimized through various activities and creative programs for the entire school community. This study was conducted at SMP Negeri 7 Makassar to find out the model complemented by the school in dealing with bullying behavior. The research method used is qualitative with a grounded approach. The findings are on concepts that are applied in tackling bullying behavior. Bullying behavior is known in verbal and non-verbal forms. Verbal bullying is saying inappropriate words, namely mocking, insulting, and telling other people’s disgrace. Non-verbal bullying is pushing, hitting, shouting, and isolating. The direct participatory model is applied to minimize bullying behavior with three main strategies: first, direct involvement of participants in anti-bullying programs. Students are directly involved in activities so that bullying can be avoided. Second: campaign. The campaign model aims to disseminate anti-bullying information in writing and orally to all students to avoid bullying. Third: empowerment model. This model provides opportunities for students to develop their creativity to create or carry out practical activities and then exhibit them. These three models have a positive effect on overcoming bullying behavior.
The Effect of Hope on The Psychological Well-Being of Police Officers in Perak
The psychological well-being of police officers is a critical area of research, particularly given the unique challenges and stressors associated with law enforcement work. Police officers are prone to witnessing shocking incidence and exposure to traumatic events which can therefore put them at risk of stress disorders; such include PTSD and other psychological conditions. This will impact police officers individually as well as the organization in its unit interactions with the community. In this regard, it is important to understand the mechanisms through which hope promotes psychological wellbeing. Research shows that encouraging hope can benefit police officers' resilience, mental health, and job satisfaction—all of which are critical for preserving their efficacy and wellbeing in high-stress situations. This study intends to investigate the effect of hope on psychological well-being. 137 police officers from Perak participated in this study. The approach used is quantitative by using online survey questionnaire by utilizing random sampling technique. Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) software was used to analyze the collected data. The findings show that police officer in Perak has high level of psychological wellbeing. Hope showed significant relationship with psychological well-being. Future studies should investigate how police forces may optimize hope for varying demographic groups in order to improve psychological well-being in general.
Sexual Exploitation in the Women Trafficking in Klang Valley, Malaysia: Challenges and Recommendations
Klang Valley, as a rapidly developing metropolitan area, offers various job opportunities that often attract foreign migrants. However, behind the economic progress, the region has also witnessed an increase in cases of women being trafficked for sexual exploitation. Factors such as poverty, lack of education, and gender inequality are often the main reasons women fall easily into the traps of human trafficking. This study examines the issue of women being trafficked for sexual exploitation in Klang Valley, Malaysia, focusing on proposed solutions to combat the crime of sexual exploitation of trafficked women and the challenges faced. This qualitative study uses descriptive analysis through secondary data such as books, reports, journal articles, newspaper clippings, and credible internet sources. The findings show that significant challenges such as lack of resources, weak law enforcement, and social stigma against victims remain the main barriers to combating the crime of trafficking women for sexual exploitation. To overcome these challenges, closer collaboration between all involved parties and the implementation of more effective strategies are essential to reduce and ultimately eliminate this issue in Malaysia.
Emotional Intelligence And Psychological Well-Being
Emotional intelligence plays a crucial role in managing stress and maintaining mental health, especially in high-stress professions like law enforcement. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence and psychological well-being among Police Officers in Johor Bahru. 197 officers are selected as sample for this study. Emotional intelligence is measured by using Goleman (2000) that consists of four dimensions which are emotional awareness, emotional management, social emotional awareness and relationship management. Instrument used was Quick Emotional Intelligence Self-Assessment (QEISA) by Mohapel (2013) with 40 items. Besides, psychological well-being is measured by using the 12-item version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) (Goldberg, 1972). This variable has divided into two, Component 1 for positive self-esteem and Component 2 for negative self-esteem. This is a quantitative study, and the data collection process is done by distributing a questionnaire and will be analyzed by using Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) version 23.0. Based on the findings, there is a negative moderate relationship between emotional intelligence and psychological well-being among Police Officers, implying that higher emotional intelligence is associated with lower psychological well-being, which suggests the need for targeted interventions to support officers' mental health.
Kajian Persepsi Terhadap Perubahan Zon Pinggir Pantai Impak Pembinaan Villa: Kajian Kes Pantai Setiu, Terengganu
Malay: Pembinaan villa di kawasan zon pinggir pantai memberi kesan negatif kepada perubahan pinggir pantai seperti hakisan dan pemendapan. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk mengkaji pandangan penduduk tentang impak pembinaan villa terhadap perubahan zon pinggir pantai di sekitar Penarek, Setiu, Terengganu. Kajian ini menggunakan kaedah kuantitatif iaitu soal selidik. Kaedah kuantitatif melibatkan pengedaran soal selidik secara dalam talian kepada 25 orang penduduk Kampung Rhu Sepuluh dan 25 orang penduduk Kampung Mangkuk. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa pembinaan villa di zon pinggir pantai menyebabkan perubahan pinggir pantai dan perlu diberi perhatian dalam usaha mengurangkan hakisan di tepi pantai. Sebanyak 76% responden dari Kampung Rhu Sepuluh bersetuju dengan penyataan bahawa pembinaan villa mempercepatkan hakisan pantai dan responden dari Kampung Mangkuk sebanyak 72%. Diharapkan kajian ini dapat memberikan pemahaman yang lebih mendalam mengenai isu perubahan zon pinggir pantai akibat pembinaan villa, serta menyumbang kepada usaha pengawalan dan pengurusan hakisan secara lebih berkesan di pesisiran pantai Setiu. English: The Impact of Villa Construction on Coastal Zone Changes in Penarek, Setiu, Terengganu: A Community Perspective. The construction of villas in coastal fringe zones has negatively affected shoreline dynamics, particularly in terms of erosion and sedimentation. This study aims to examine local residents’ perceptions of the impact of villa development on changes in the coastal zone around Penarek, Setiu, Terengganu. A quantitative approach was employed using online questionnaires distributed to 25 residents of Kampung Rhu Sepuluh and 25 residents of Kampung Mangkuk. The data were analyzed using Excel to calculate percentage responses. Findings indicate that villa construction in coastal fringe areas contributes to significant changes in the shoreline and warrants attention in efforts to mitigate coastal erosion. Specifically, 76% of respondents from Kampung Rhu Sepuluh agreed that villa development accelerates beach erosion, while 72% of respondents from Kampung Mangkuk shared the same view. It is hoped that this study will provide deeper insights into the issue of coastal zone transformation due to villa construction and contribute to more effective erosion control and coastal management strategies in Setiu.
Mind the Risk: Exploring What Drives Cybersecurity Readiness Among Digital Consumers in Sarawak
Sarawak is undergoing a significant digital transition with the aim of becoming a fully integrated and digitally driven economy by 2030. However, as digital device usage increases, consumers are confronted with a variety of cybersecurity concerns. The main objective of this research is to assess the psychological factors influencing digital consumers' readiness to engage with cybersecurity measures in Sarawak’s digital transformation. To accomplish this, the study expands the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model to provide a comprehensive framework to measure cybersecurity readiness. A quantitative research approach was employed, with a sample size of 400 respondents. The study employed SmartPLS 4.0 to conduct data analysis, utilizing its capabilities for Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The study finds that six out of ten hypotheses were supported, with performance expectancy, facilitating conditions, perceived risk, and cybersecurity awareness significantly influencing consumers' behavioural intention to adopt cybersecurity measures. Additionally, behavioural intention and cybersecurity awareness were found to be significant factors in determining cybersecurity readiness. As Sarawak undergoes digital transformation, understanding the factors that affect cybersecurity readiness is crucial to ensure the population is prepared for the risks and challenges of new technologies. This study makes three key contributions: (1) It extends the UTAUT model by adding cybersecurity behaviours, offering a clearer understanding of digital consumers' cybersecurity readiness. (2) It offers valuable insights for policymakers in Sarawak. (3) The findings also provide valuable guidance for businesses to tailor their digital products and cybersecurity-related services to better meet the readiness levels and needs of consumers in Sarawak's evolving digital landscape.
Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT)
Kesedaran Ibu Bapa Luar Bandar Terhadap Kepentingan Kelas Tambahan Berbayar bagi Subjek Kritikal: Satu Kajian Awal
Malay: Kajian ini dijalankan bagi menilai tahap kesedaran ibubapa luar bandar terhadap kepentingan menghantar anak-anak mereka ke kelas tambahan berbayar, di samping mengenal pasti faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keputusan tersebut serta halangan yang dihadapi dalam mengekses perkhidmatan pendidikan tambahan. Kajian ini juga menganalisis kesan potensi kelas tambahan terhadap pencapaian pelajar luar bandar dalam subjek-subjek teras seperti Matematik, Sains dan Bahasa Inggeris. Menggunakan kaedah tinjauan secara kuantitatif melibatkan 132 orang responden, dapatan menunjukkan bahawa tahap kesedaran adalah tinggi, dengan 96.2% responden menyatakan mereka menyedari kewujudan kelas tambahan berbayar dikawasan masing-masing.Selain itu, 77.3% telah menghantar anak ke kelas tambahan, dengan majoriti mengganggap kelas tersebut sangat penting untuk peningkatan prestasi akademik. Matematik dikenal pasti sebagai subjek yang paling diberi keutamaan, manakala halangn utama yang dikenalpasti merangkumi kekangan kewangan, akses lokasi dan kekurangan guru berkelayakan.Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa walaupun kesedaran adalah tinggi, halangan struktur dan sosio-ekonomi masih menjadi penghalang utama kepada akses yang saksama terhadap pendidikan tambahan dikawasan luar bandar. Implikasi kajian mencadangkan keperluan intervensi dasar dan sokongan bersasar bagi menigkatkan peluang pendidikan pelajar luar bandar. English: This study was conducted to assess the level of awareness among rural parents regarding the importance of sending their children to paid supplementary classes, as well as to identify the factors influencing such decisions and the barriers faced in accessing additional educational services. The study also analyzes the potential impact of supplementary classes on the academic achievement of rural students in core subjects such as Mathematics, Science, and English. Using a quantitative survey method involving 132 respondents, the findings show a high level of awareness, with 96.2% of respondents stating they are aware of the existence of paid supplementary classes in their respective areas. Additionally, 77.3% had sent their children to supplementary classes, with the majority considering these classes very important for improving academic performance. Mathematics was identified as the highest priority subject, while the main barriers identified include financial constraints, location accessibility, and a shortage of qualified teachers. The study results indicate that despite high awareness, structural and socio-economic barriers remain the main obstacles to equitable access to supplementary education in rural areas. The implications of the study suggest the need for policy interventions and targeted support to enhance educational opportunities for rural students.
Kelas tambahan berbayar, pendidikan luar bandar, ibu bapa, kesedaran pendidikan, prestasi akademik
Digital Transformation of Higher Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and Opportunities in Advanced Digital Skills
The ongoing era of digital transformation has significantly altered the societal and economic landscape, profoundly impacting every aspect of daily life. This transformation has also highlighted the urgent need for both specialized digital skills and advanced digital skills. This paper addresses the gap in specific domain digital skills, advanced digital skills and the capacity for digital skills development within higher education institutions in sub-Saharan Africa. To this end, the average percentage of access to and attainment of tertiary education in sub-Saharan Africa is compared with that of the European Union. Furthermore, the capability for advanced skills development is assessed by comparing universities in sub-Saharan Africa with those in the European Union. The results indicate a significant gap in advanced digital skills between sub-Saharan Africa and the European Union. Additionally, higher education institutions in the European Union are more proficient in teaching, research, and industrial engagement than those in sub-Saharan Africa. Finally, a framework that emphasizes the use of technology, economics of sharing, and collaboration has been proposed to bridge this gap.
digital transformation, digital Skills, advanced digital skills, sub-Saharan Africa, Nano-degree, Micro-degree, economics of sharing
Electrical and Electronics Engineering , Information Technology
Challenges in Developing English As A Second Language (ESL) Learners’ Reading Skills in Pakistan: A Systematic Literature Review
Teachers in Pakistan face numerous challenges in developing the reading skills of English as a Second Language (ESL) learners due to various factors. Despite their teaching efforts, students' reading comprehension skills remain at an unsatisfactory level. This paper presents a systematic literature review exploring the complexities of developing reading skills among second language learners in Pakistan. The review employs the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) technique, which provides standardized strategy for discovering, screening, and selecting relevant studies while assuring transparency and comprehensiveness in the review process. The study focusses on studies published between 2016 and 2024. The review reveals that one of the main challenges in enhancing ESL learners' reading comprehension skills is the teaching strategies employed by the teachers. Studies indicate that teachers often rely on translation-based instruction, which is considered ineffective. Another significant challenge is the low motivation among ESL learners. These insights highlight the need to equip Pakistani teachers with effective methods for teaching reading skills and to boost learners' motivation in second language learning, thereby fostering a stronger reading culture in schools.
Community Perspectives on Socio-Economic Impacts and Conservation Effectiveness at Melaka World Heritage Site
The effective design of policies, programmes, and projects (3Ps) requires a thorough understanding of their implementation, particularly in achieving intended objectives and assessing their socio-economic impacts on local communities. However, evaluations of such initiatives remain limited, including within the context of heritage sites such as Melaka. This study investigates local communities' perspectives on the socio-economic impacts of World Heritage Site (WHS) designation and the effectiveness of conservation efforts in Melaka, Malaysia. Utilising a mixed-methods approach, the study incorporates quantitative survey data from 386 respondents, analysed using SPSS, alongside qualitative insights from interviews, examined through thematic analysis. The findings reveal that enhanced community pride is a key positive outcome, whereas traffic congestion is the most frequently reported negative consequence. While authorities are generally perceived favourably, concerns persist regarding insufficient community involvement in decision-making processes. The study highlights the critical need for integrating local perspectives more effectively in the early stages of 3P implementation to ensure sustainable heritage management and community well-being.
Conservation Programmes, Policy, Programme, Project, and Socio-economic impacts
Impact of Coping Capacity Skills on Resilience of Disaster Affected Communities in United Arab Emirates
The primary goal of this study was to assess the impact of coping capacity skills on the resilience of disaster-affected communities in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Specifically, the study examines how skills such as preparedness, emergency response, psychological coping, adaptive capacity, social capital, and access to information contribute to enhancing community resilience. A quantitative methodology was employed, using data from 277 respondents drawn from various disaster-affected communities in the country. Peason’s Correlation and Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to determine the influence of these coping capacity skills on overall resilience, while controlling for income level as a confounding variable. The results indicated that all examined coping capacity skills positively and significantly contributed to overall resilience (R² = 0.65). Particularly, access to information (β = 0.26, p < 0.05) and adaptive capacity (β = 0.28, p < 0.01) emerged as the most impactful predictors of resilience, followed by social capital (β = 0.22, p < 0.01). Preparedness (β = 0.17, p < 0.01), emergency response skills (β = 0.13, p < 0.01), and psychological coping (β = 0.16, p < 0.05) also showed significant positive effects on resilience. Income level was found to be a significant confounding factor (β = 0.12, p < 0.01), suggesting that socio-economic resources play a crucial role in disaster recovery. The study underscores the importance of a comprehensive approach to building disaster resilience that includes strengthening multiple coping capacity skills. These findings provide actionable insights for policymakers and disaster management professionals aiming to enhance the resilience of communities in the UAE.
Waqf as a Solution in Solving the Problem of Poverty and Unemployment in Indonesia
The Poverty and unemployment are two main topics that are problems in the lives of people in various Muslim countries, especially Indonesia. On the other hand, Indonesia's large waqf assets and potential have not been fully managed properly for the welfare of the community. In fact, in some other countries, waqf can provide cheap and even free education and health services. This research aims to analyze waqf management as a solution in solving the problem of poverty and unemployment in Indonesia. This research uses qualitative methods with a literature review approach. The results of this study show that waqf is able to solve the problem of poverty and unemployment by managing waqf well and productively whose results and benefits are aimed at meeting the basic needs of the community such as clothing, food, house, education and health. Including using waqf as an investment that can open new jobs.
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The Impact of Ethnic Politics on Javanese Muslims in Malaysia: Integration, Identity, and Political Leadership
This article examines the impact of ethnic politics on Javanese migrants and their descendants in Malaysia, focusing on their social, economic, and political realities. It explores the historical context of ethnic politics in Malaysia and how it has shaped the experiences of the Javanese community, from their integration into Malay society to the emergence of a Malay-Javanese middle class. The article argues that ethnic-based policies, such as the New Economic Policy (NEP), have provided opportunities for the Javanese to gain citizenship rights and participate in Malaysia's development while also contributing to the strengthening of identity politics. It highlights the political role of Javanese Muslim leaders, who have risen to prominent positions within the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) and the government. The article draws on historical sources, government policies, and scholarly works to provide a comprehensive analysis of the Javanese experience in Malaysia amidst the complexities of ethnic politics. It concludes by emphasising the need to understand the dynamics of ethnicity and religion in Malaysia's nation-building process and their impact on minority communities like the Javanese. The article contributes to the ongoing debate on leadership, ethnicity, and representation in contemporary Malaysia while offering insights into the challenges and opportunities faced by migrant communities in multi-ethnic societies.
Understanding Pro-environmental Behaviour on Green Tourism: Impacted by Destination Social Responsibilty and Green Trust as an Intervening Variabel
Tourist destinations have an essential role in the form of social responsibility to create environmentally friendly behavior for tourists who visit them. This research aims to examine the influence of destination social responsibility and green trust on tourists' pro-environment in green tourism. This research also identifies the mediating role of green trust between destination social responsibility and tourists' pro-environment in green tourism. The study used a purposive sampling of 200 tourists who visited green tourism destinations in Malang, East Java, Indonesia. Data analysis checks a statistical model using the SmartPLS 4 program for the structural-partial least squares (SEM-PLS. The results show that destination social responsibility and green continue to influence tourists' pro-environment, and destination social responsibility influences green trust. Green trust mediates the influence of Destination social responsibility on tourists' pro-environment. The results of this research provide implications for the importance of DSR's role in increasing tourists' green trust perceptions, which will lead to the formation of pro-environment behavior in the green tourism destinations they visit.
Halal Tourism Hospitality: Comparing Standards of Muslim-Friendly Accommodation in Indonesia and Malaysia
This study explores the standards of Muslim-friendly accommodations in Indonesia and Malaysia, two countries recognized as leading halal tourism destinations. The primary focus of this research is to identify the differences in the implementation of hospitality standards between the two nations. The findings reveal that Malaysia's MS 2610:2015 provides a structured and clear framework that governs various aspects of accommodation services in alignment with Islamic principles. In contrast, Indonesia relies on non-binding fatwas issued by the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI), which, while encompassing a broader scope, lacks the enforcement mechanisms necessary to ensure uniformity within the tourism sector. The flexibility of the MUI fatwa allows for adaptation to local contexts but may lead to uncertainty in execution, especially given Indonesia's diverse cultural landscape. Although both standards aim to enhance the halal tourism experience, their differing approaches reflect not only the varying levels of regulatory formalism but also the distinct cultural and social contexts of each country.
Strategi Realisme Dalam Hubungan Diplomatik Kesultanan Johor Moden: Analisis Perjanjian Setia 1885
Malay: Perjanjian Setia 1885 menandakan satu titik penting dalam strategi diplomatik Johor untuk mengekalkan autonomi serta keabsahan Kesultanan Johor Moden terhadap kedaulatan Johor dan kepentingan nasionalnya di tengah-tengah tekanan kuasa kolonial British pada abad ke-19 di negeri-negeri Tanah Melayu. Kajian ini mengkaji bagaimana Maharaja Abu Bakar, pemerintah Johor pada masa itu menggunakan pendekatan pragmatik dalam perundingan terus dengan Ratu Victoria di London sehingga membawa kepada perjanjian antara Kerajaan Johor dengan British. Kajian ini melihat Perjanjian Setia antara kedua-dua kerajaan tersebut dari perspektif teori realisme dalam hubungan antarabangsa. Ia berdasarkan prinsip realisme seperti kepentingan nasional, kedaulatan negara, kuasa dan kelangsungan hidup. Antara strategi realisme yang awal dilakukan pemerintah Johor pada masa itu ialah dengan penubuhan pasukan pertahanan tenteranya sendiri iaitu Askar Timbalan Setia Johor atau lebih dikenali sebagai Johor Military Forces (JMF). Penubuhan JMF dilihat sebagai usaha pemerintah Johor untuk mengimbangi pengaruh kuasa besar sambil memastikan kelangsungan politik dan kestabilan wilayah Johor. Melalui pendekatan analisis sejarah dan dokumen, kajian ini mendedahkan bahawa Kesultanan Johor Moden bukan sahaja berjaya mengekalkan autonominya tetapi juga memainkan peranan penting dalam membentuk hubungan diplomatik yang strategik dengan British. Hasil kajian ini menyumbang kepada pemahaman yang lebih mendalam tentang penggunaan strategi realisme dalam mempertahankan kedaulatan Johor dan kepentingan nasional, serta relevansinya dalam konteks hubungan antarabangsa. English: The Government Treaty of 1885 marked a crucial point in Johor’s diplomatic strategy to maintain the autonomy and legitimacy of the Modern Johor Sultanate towards the sovereignty of Johor and its national interests amidst the pressure of British colonial power in the 19th century in the Malays States. This study examines the strategy of Maharaja Abu Bakar, the ruler of Johor at the time, to defend his power and sovereignty and how he used a diplomatic approach in direct negotiations with Queen Victoria in London that led to a treaty between the Government of Johor and the British Government. This study looks at the treaty between the two governments from the perspective of realism theory in international relations. It is based on the principles of realism, such as national interest, national sovereignty, power, and survival. This study is qualitative by using historical document analysis methods. Besides, other sources such as books and journals are also used to support this study. This study found that one of the early the Johor government at that time was establishing its military defence force, namely Johor Military Forces (JMF). The establishment of the JMF is seen as an effort by the Johor government to balance the influence of great powers while ensuring the political survival and stability of the Johor region. This study also found that the Modern Sultanate of Johor not only managed to maintain its autonomy but also played an important role in forming strategic diplomatic relations with the British.
Analisis Isu Kesejahteraan Sosial Masyarakat Melayu di Akhbar Berita Harian Selang Masa 2018-2020
Malay: Kesejahteraan sosial masyarakat Melayu telah menjadi isu utama di dalam negara selang tempoh masa 2018-2020. Dalam pada itu, media akhbar di Malaysia banyak memainkan peranan dalam mengetengahkan isu kesejahteraan sosial dalam kalangan masyarakat Melayu. Antara akhbar yang banyak menonjolkan isu berhubung kesejahteraan sosial masyarakat Melayu dalam tempoh tersebut ialah Berita Harian. Justeru, kajian ini akan memfokuskan kepada isu kesejahteraan sosial masyarakat Melayu yang telah dilaporkan di media akhbar Berita Harian bagi mengenal pasti isu utama kesejahteraan sosial masyarakat Melayu seperti yang dilaporkan dalam tempoh 2018 sehingga 2020. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif, analisis dokumen, pengekodan dan tematik dalam menjalankan kajian. Hasil kajian mendapati isu yang dilaporkan oleh media akhbar Berita Harian ini amat menyumbang dalam membina gambaran holistik dan tepat berhubung kesejahteraan sosial masyarakat Melayu di samping berperanan membina persepsi masyarakat berhubung isu tersebut. Gambaran yang holistik dari perspektif media akhbar Berita Harian juga turut menyumbang kepada perancangan dan tindakan pro aktif oleh pihak kerajaan untuk menangani isu berkenaan. English: The social well-being of the Malay community has become a major issue in the country during the period from 2018 to 2020. During this time, Malaysian newspapers played a significant role in highlighting social well-being issues within the Malay community. Among the newspapers that prominently featured issues related to the social well-being of the Malay community during this period was Berita Harian. Therefore, this study will focus identifying the social well-being issues of the Malay community reported in Berita Harian during the 2018 to 2020 period. This study employs a qualitative descriptive approach, document analysis, coding, and thematic analysis. The findings of the study show that the issues reported by Berita Harian greatly contribute to building a holistic and accurate picture of the social well-being of the Malay community, while also shaping public perceptions of these issues. This holistic view from the perspective of Berita Harian also contributes to proactive planning and actions by the government to address these issues.