Journal of Sustainable Materials Processing and Management
Journal of Sustainable Materials Processing and Management (JSMPM) is an international peer-reviewed scholarly journal. It is published by Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia in June and December every year. JSMPM welcomes manuscript submissions on sustainable materials, including materials characterization, synthesis, optimization, management, and policy. JSMPM aims to publish original and significant research on sustainable materials. The journal is transdisciplinary in nature and integrates aspects of processing and management for sustainable materials. JSMPM is an open-access journal with no article processing charges. More info
Work Index and Mineral Liberation Determination of a Complex Copper Ore: A Preliminary Step Towards Designing Sustainable Mineral Processing Flowsheets
Work index provides critical information about an ore’s resistance to comminution, mineral liberation characteristics, and energy and time required for the comminution process. However, evaluating work index of ores is overlooked in many mineral processing operation and failing to assess work index of ores results in poor liberation of minerals, excessive energy losses and poor overall separation of valuable minerals. The aim of this study was to determine work index of Azara (Nigeria) complex copper ore and evaluate the liberation characteristics of the copper minerals. The evaluated work index of Azara complex copper ore was 13.90 kWh/t. Mineral liberation results from Mineral Liberation Analyser (MLA) showed 73.63% of malachite, 70.3% of chrysocolla, 52.66% of chalcocite and 24.25% brochantite particles were liberated at a grinding time of 90 minutes. With increasing of the grinding time, the liberation of minerals increased. At a grinding time of 180 minutes, the liberation of malachite, chrysocolla, chalcocite and brochantite improved to 86.72%, 76.66%, 74.14% and 53.27%, respectively. These findings provide new insights into the grinding conditions of Azara complex copper ore, liberation characteristics of the copper minerals and guidance for development of efficient and environmentally viable crushing/grinding circuits.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Sustainable Materials Processing and Management https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Finite Element Analysis of 20×20 ft Container Flat Wagon Underframe Structure Using S355J2 Steel
The underframe is the key structure support to the floor of the railway cargo carriage and adherence to its stability is also crucial for operational safety in railroads. The paper is aimed at substantiating the strength of the underframe of a 2×20 ft container flat wagon fabricated from S355J2 structural steel via finite element methods. A convergence test for mesh discretization showed that 21 mm with a skewness value of 0.87 will be sufficient for numerical simulation. Various loadings were used according to the standard EN 12663-2, i.e., normal, lateral, axial compressive, axial tensile, and their combination. The maximum von Mises stress under combined loads was 217.79 MPa, which is smaller than the 355 MPa material yield stress. The EN 12663-2 maximum overall deformation of 7.5 mm was within the limit of 61.38 mm. The safety margin of 1.63 % has been computed, which falls within the accepted values of 1.5–2.0 and this means that the design of the underframe is sound for use in service conditions.
Effect of Si Content on Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of Electrical Steel
Electrical steel (or silicon steel) is popularly used to manufacture motors and transformers. This paper presents the change in microstructure and magnetic properties of several electrical steels containing different amounts of silicon (Si). The samples were cut from different steel sheets, each 0.7 mm thick, for optical observation and magnetic testing. The investigation showed that the homogeneous microstructure of the steels consisted of ferrite with different grain sizes varying from 17 to 35 µm. The grain size increased with increasing Si content, in turn improving the magnetic properties of the studied electrical steel. Among the studied steels, the sample M4 containing 1.47 wt.% Si showed the best magnetic properties, including a coercivity (Hc) of 2.425 Oe, residual magnetism (Mr) of 0.0114 emu, saturation magnetization (Ms) of 7.11 emu and maximum energy product (BHmax) of 26947 MGOe. The obtained results will be useful and suggest to Vietnamese steelmakers to produce high-efficiency electric steel with proper chemical compositions.
Cementitious Composite Containing Diatomaceous Earth Waste As a Pozzolanic Component
Results showed that diatomaceous earth waste (DEW) which is rich in SiO2, has a highly porous surface and contains more amorphous phases. DEW consists of a mixture of quartz sand and DEW particles with a high specific surface area (8755 cm2/g) and a lower apparent specific mass compared to cement, and moreover uniform particle sizes distribution. Ratio of cement/water (c/w) and setting time increased continuously with the increase of DEW addition. Water absorption and apparent porosity reduced as the addition of DEW increased, while bulk density improved and enhanced, but only up to 24 wt. % DEW, and above this it was adversely affected. Flexural and compressive strengths also improved and enhanced with enhancing DEW addition also up to 24 wt. % and then adversely affected with more addition of DEW. Therefore, the optimum addition of DEW is 24 wt. %. Portlandite or free lime test indicated that DEW showed and exhibited a strong pozzolanic reactivity due to its high content of amorphous silica. So, it could be used in the production of pozzolanic cements, mortars, and/or concretes.
Gelatin-Monosaccharide Functionalized Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: Cytotoxicity and Cellular Uptake in MCF-7 Cells
This study aims to develop a tripartite hybrid material composed of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), gelatin (gel), and a monosaccharide (2-glucosyloxyethyl methacrylate, GEMA) to achieve a synergistic interaction that integrates structural integrity and biological safety. The primary objective is to evaluate the potential in vitro cytotoxicity of these synthesized materials against the MCF7 breast cancer cell line, facilitating the development of safe bionanodevices for clinical applications. We prepare and characterize MWCNTs that have been functionalized with GEMA and coated with gel for the study. The cytotoxicity was carried out using breast carcinoma (MCF7) cell line via sulphorhodamine B (SRB) assay. This work also studied the effect of the functionalized MWCNTs on their physicochemical properties using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD), scanning and transmission electron microscopes (SEM and TEM). The results showed that gelatin was successfully reacted with GEMA via their amino groups using Michael addition reaction. Besides, the functionalized MWCNTs exhibited low cytotoxic effects in comparison with the standard Doxorubicin®. These results suggest that gelatin-monosaccharide functionalized MWCNTs serve as a promising, low-toxicity platform for targeted drug delivery and imaging.
Comparative Assessment of SS316L vs Hydroxyapatite (HAp) Composites for Biomedical Implant Applications
This study presents a comparative assessment between SS316L stainless steel and hydroxyapatite (HAp)-based composites derived from bovine bone waste for sustainable biomedical implant applications. The analysis focuses on key physical and mechanical properties, including density, hardness, porosity, and compressive strength. SS316L exhibits high density (~7.9 g·cm⁻³), hardness (~150–220 HV), and compressive strength exceeding 500 MPa, making it suitable for load-bearing applications. In contrast, HAp-based composites show lower density (~2.8–3.2 g·cm⁻³), hardness (~40–75 HV), compressive strength (~50–200 MPa), and controlled porosity (~20–30%), which are advantageous for bone integration and bioactivity. Rather than serving as a direct replacement, HAp-based composites are better positioned as complementary biomaterials, particularly in coatings or hybrid implant systems. This study highlights the potential of waste-derived HAp composites as a sustainable material solution in biomedical engineering.
Production, Partial Purification and Characterization of Free-and Immobilized Urease Isolated from Aspergillus Species Obtained from Long-Horned Beetles (Cerambycidae Latreille)
Urease is a vital enzyme with applications in agriculture, environmental biotechnology, and medicine, playing a key role in metabolism and bioremediation. Despite its significance, efficient production and purification methods are still needed to meet industrial demands. This study demonstrated the production, partial purification and physicochemical properties of free-and immobilized urease from Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus ustilago isolated from the gut of Long-horned beetles. Urease production was achieved through submerged fermentation using urea as the primary substrate. Partial purification was carried out through ammonium sulfate precipitation (70 % saturation). Immobilization of the urease was successfully performed using sodium alginate, which enhanced the enzyme stability and reusability. The activities of the crude and partially purified free-urease were (1.82 and 4.82 U/mL) and (1.78 and 4.23 U/mL) for A. niger and A. ustilago respectively. The immobilized enzyme showed optimal activity at pH 7.0 and a temperature of 50 oC. Metal ions such as Fe2+, Mg2+, and Ca2+, enhanced the activity of the free-urease from A. ustilago while Al3+, Cu2+ and Co2+ were observed to cause inhibitory effects on free-urease from A. niger. On the other hand, with immobilized enzyme, Fe2+, Mg2+, Al3+ and Ca2+ showed a pronounced activation at both concentrations investigated. It was inferred that the immobilized urease from Aspergillus spp. was more stable with stronger affinity for all the metal ions tested. This study has provided information on the feasibility of immobilization of urease from Aspergillus spp., isolated from the gut of Long-horned beetles with biotechnological implications for industrial and medical applications such as in environmental bioremediation and biosensor development.
Designing Cyanide-Bridged Single Molecule Magnets
Cyanide-bridged metal complexes, which originated from Prussian blue analogues known for their functions as pigments, optical and magnetic materials, and electrode batteries, are representative molecular magnets that can be designed. Research on these molecular magnets has shifted focus from the realization of ferromagnetic superexchange interactions to external field response, multi-physical properties, and, in recent years, single-molecule magnets as nanomagnets. This review collects examples of cyanide-bridged single-molecule magnets. In addition to the accumulation of experimental data, we also discuss the possibility of molecular design and prediction using computational chemistry based on crystal structure data.
Development and Comparative Evaluation of Water-Based Drilling Fluid Performance Using Rice Husk and Groundnut Husk to Enhance the Fluid Loss Control and Rheological Properties
Numerous research studies have been carried out for development of water-based drilling fluid using rice husk, xanthan gum, bentonite clay, and other additives but the fluid loss analysis and groundnut husk as an additive has not been carried out. This research developed and characterized a water-based drilling fluid using bentonite clay, rice husk, groundnut husk, xanthan gum, and barite. Raw groundnut and rice husk were ground to 120 microns, forming 33 drilling fluid samples and 12 blend samples for FTIR analysis. Rheological properties were evaluated using a Model 35A viscometer at various speeds. Mud densities and filtration properties were measured. The Herschel-Bulkley and Casson models were employed to validate the experimental data. Optimal FTIR blending interaction/formation was observed for groundnut husk with xanthan gum in a 2:1 ratio, rice husk in a 1:1 ratio with groundnut husk, and bentonite with groundnut husk in a 1:1 and 2:1 ratio. RH improves the viscosity at 600 rpm, PV, and AV than GH whereas the groundnut husk improves the gel strength better, the addition of 5g barite to samples 18 and 21 increased viscosity slightly from 33.7566 cP & 29.5058 cP to 34.0121 cP & 30.0026 cP respectively. More viscosity improvements were noted when rice husk was added to samples 2 & 3, compared to groundnut husk whereas groundnut husk showed better performance when improving the viscosity of sample 4. Both rheological models showed reduced accuracy for samples with lower shear stresses @600rpm, with the Casson model performing better while for samples with higher shear stresses @600rpm and for the optimum samples, the Herschel-Bulkley model showed superior accuracy. All blends exhibited shear thinning behavior.
Leaching Kinetics of Crucial Metals from Bismutite Ore: Parameter Determination
This study investigated the leaching kinetics of the crucial metals-aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), and zirconium (Zr) from bismutite ore using sulfuric acid (H2SO4) as the lixiviant. The influences of acid concentration (0.1–3 mol/L), leaching time (5–120 min), and temperature (28–80 °C) on metal extraction efficiency were systematically evaluated. The results demonstrated that increased acid concentrations and higher temperatures significantly enhanced metal recovery. The optimal leaching conditions were 2.5 mol/L H2SO4, a solid-to-liquid ratio of 100 g/L, and a temperature of 80 °C for 120 minutes, yielding leaching efficiencies of 99.82% for Al, 85.4% for Fe, and 99.2% for Zr. Kinetic modelling via the shrinking core model indicated that the process is chemically controlled, with activation energies of 31.06, 38.02, and 42.79 kJ/mol for Al, Fe, and Zr, respectively. The enriched leachate produced under these conditions is suitable for the subsequent selective recovery of target metals. This work supports sustainable metallurgical practices by promoting efficient, multi-element extraction from complex ores.
Crucial metals; sulfuric acid; bismutite ore; process optimization; leaching kinetics.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Sustainable Materials Processing and Management https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Influence of Temperature on the Rheological Properties of Composite Suspensions Based on Pyrocarbon
The disposal of used automobile tires is a significant environmental challenge. In industrialized countries, the average annual number of discarded tires per person is approximately one. One of the most common methods of tire recycling is pyrolysis. The solid residue of this process is pyrocarbon. Due to its high dispersity, the presence of numerous submicron carbon particles, and significantly greater porosity compared to coal, pyrocarbon is a promising additive for the production of composite slurry fuel. Such fuel systems are influenced by various external factors, particularly temperature, which alters their properties. It has been established that increasing the temperature from 10°C to 20°C leads to a sharp decrease in the effective viscosity of the medium. Further temperature increases result in a less pronounced reduction in viscosity. In the range of 40–50°C, a slight acceleration in the rate of change of rheological characteristics is observed in the studied composite suspensions. At shear stress levels up to 20 Pa, the viscosity of the suspension decreases sharply due to the intensive breakdown of structural bonds. At 30–60 Pa, the system behaves as a Newtonian fluid with constant viscosity, indicating complete destruction of the structural network. It has been shown that as the temperature rises from 20°C to 40°C, the degree of thixotropy increases, reflecting the system’s strong ability to recover through enhanced particle interactions. However, at 50°C, thermal degradation of spatial structures occurs. The established performance characteristics of the obtained suspensions make them suitable for use as liquid fuel in fuel-fired boilers.
apparent viscosity, composite fuel, pyrocarbon, temperature dependence, shear rate, rheological properties
Eco-Friendly Optimization of Fatigue Strength in Sand-Cast Aluminium Alloys Using Waste Metal Chips as Mold Additives
This study investigates the enhancement of fatigue strength in aluminium alloy castings obtained from scrap engine blocks, through grain refinement achieved by incorporating metal chips into sand molds during sand casting. The materials used included a scrap engine block (aluminum alloy), molding sand, and chips from cast iron and brass, all of which were procured and characterized. Using a Taguchi design of experiment, alloys were cast with varying proportions of particle sizes and amounts of brass and cast iron chips. XRF analysis identified aluminium (76.61%), silicon (17.49%), and magnesium (1.28%) as the primary elements in the scrap aluminium alloy, while brown sand predominantly contained silicon (89.51%) and phosphorus (7.41%). The cast iron was mainly composed of iron (88.3%), carbon (3.7%), and silicon (2.3%). Fatigue testing results indicated a 24.78% increase in strength compared to the as-cast alloy, with Taguchi optimization yielding a further improvement of 28.30%. The optimal configuration found included brass/cast iron metal chips at level 2, a chip content of 40 %wt (level 4), and a chip particle size of 100 µm (level 1), resulting in a fatigue strength of 70.58 MPa. SEM and optical micrographs of the optimal sample showcased a finer grain structure. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed a 3.01% reduction in mass loss and a 33.11% increase in decomposition onset temperature compared to the control, indicating enhanced thermal stability. Furthermore, using foundry sand mixed with metal chips yielded improvements in green compressive strength of 20.33%, dry compressive strength of 22.73%, and compactability of 4.55%. Overall, this study confirms that integrating metal chips into sand molds significantly enhances both the fatigue strength of aluminium alloy castings and the quality of the molds, presenting promising implications for the recycling and utilization of scrap materials in casting processes.
Optimization and Dissolution Kinetics of a Nigerian Monazite Ore Using H2SO4
This study presents the optimization and kinetic evaluation of thorium recovery from monazite ore sourced from Plateau State, Nigeria with the use of sulphuric acid as a leaching agent. The objective was to ascertain the optimal conditions for thorium recovery and to understand the kinetics involved in the process. A central composite design (CCD) under response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized to evaluate the effects of the following process parameters – acid concentration, reaction temperature and leaching time on thorium extraction. The results showed that the leaching efficiency was significantly impacted by the acid concentration, reaction temperature and the leaching time. The kinetic studies showed that the leaching process followed a shrinking core model with diffusion as the rate controlling step. These findings demonstrate the viability of thorium recovery with sulphuric acid from Nigerian monazite and provide a good basis to scale up the process for nuclear fuel material development.
Monazite, thorium, Central Composite Design, Dissolution kinetics, sulphuric acid
A Review on Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: Bridging Chemical Synthesis Strategies to Emerging Applications
Metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) exhibit size-dependent properties that drive advances in catalysis, energy storage, sensing, remediation, and biomedicine. Chemical synthesis routes allow precise control over structure, composition, and crystallinity, typically yielding 5–100 nm particles. Sol-gel offers molecular-level mixing and uniformity; hydrothermal/solvothermal methods operate at 100–250 °C and 1–10 MPa; thermal decomposition yields highly crystalline oxides at 300–750 °C; and microwave-assisted synthesis achieves uniform nanoparticles within minutes. Unlike prior reviews that focus separately on methods or applications, this article uniquely bridges synthesis strategies with application-driven property requirements, mapping how reaction conditions govern morphology, defect states, and surface reactivity. Representative case studies highlight enhanced catalytic activity from high surface areas, improved Li-ion battery cycling stability, ppm-level gas sensing, pollutant degradation via photocatalysis, and targeted drug delivery using functionalized oxides. Finally, we critically assess challenges in scalability, reproducibility, and biocompatibility, and outline future directions in hybrid architectures and continuous-flow synthesis.
Synthesis and Characterization of Al-SiO2 Composites
The paper presents studies aimed at producing aluminum matrix composites reinforced with amorphous silica particles. The possibility of producing composites of the Al-SiO2 (5 wt. %) system using intensive mixing casting and semi-solid metal casting methods has been established. Semi-solid metal casting followed by squeeze casting demonstrated the highest efficiency. The potential of using magnesium as a surface-active additive to remove oxygen from the surface of the dispersed particles and improve the mechanical properties of the composite material during heat treatment has been demonstrated. It has been found that the resulting composites exhibit a uniform distribution of dispersed silica particles throughout the metal volume. Furthermore, they possess hardness, corrosion resistance, and specific gravity values that exceed those of the original aluminum alloy. Composites produced using the developed technique may find application in various transportation engineering fields, as well as in aviation and aerospace industries.
Aluminum, сomposite materials, aluminum matrix composites, silicon dioxide, amorphous microsilica, stir casting, semi-solid metal casting, squeeze casting
Electrosynthesis of Ni-Rich Cathode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries
This study develops an electrosynthesis method for LiNi₀.₈₉Co₀.₀₈Al₀.₀₃O₂ (NCA) cathode materials, utilizing water oxidation to generate hydroxide ions for precursor precipitation. Systematic characterization reveals calcination temperature critically governs morphology and performance: 600°C yields porous particles with residual hydroxides, 800°C produces dense, well-crystallized structures with optimal porosity, while 950°C causes over-sintering and Al segregation. EDX shows temperature-dependent elemental distribution, with 800°C achieving ideal Ni/Co/Al integration. XRD confirms layered phase formation, and TG/DTA tracks thermal decomposition. Optimal conditions (1.5 A, 1 M concentration, 800°C calcination) yield NCA cathodes with enhanced structural stability and electrochemical activity. The work demonstrates electrosynthesis as a sustainable, controllable route for high-performance NCA production.
Extraction, Recovery, and Sintering of Manganese from Spessartine-Pyrolusite-Almandine: A Comprehensive Review
Manganese, a crucial industrial metal, plays an essential role in steel production, battery manufacturing, and various chemical processes, necessitating efficient and sustainable methods for its extraction and processing. The review explores the sintering of manganese extracted from these minerals, an essential step in producing high-purity manganese products for industrial use. Technological advancements and ecological considerations are emphasized throughout the review, highlighting the need for sustainable practices and green technologies in manganese extraction and processing. Economic analyses of the different extraction and recovery methods are provided, assessing their viability and scalability in global market demand. This underscores the importance of integrated approaches to manganese processing, combining traditional methods with innovative technologies to meet industrial needs while minimizing environmental impact. Future research directions and emerging technologies are identified, offering a roadmap for advancing the field of manganese extraction, recovery, and sintering.
Physical and Long-Term Mechanical Properties of Walnut Shell Ash Blended Cement
Walnut shell ash (WSA) is a new supplementary cementitious material (SCM) for cement. Tests for water of consistency, setting time, pozzolanicity, free lime content, flexural and compressive strength were conducted. Results demonstrated that the cement pastes incorporating up to 25 wt. % WSA possesses suitable and satisfactory setting times, physical, pozzolanic activity and mechanical properties. The addition of WSA increased the w/c ratio and setting times. The total porosity gradually decreased with the increase of WSA content while the bulk density increased. The strength improvements were due to of formation of fibrous CSH gel, high hydration level, low porosity, high density and pozzolanic reactions of WSA with the resulting free lime from the hydration process. The free lime contents of the OPC (W0) increased with the curing times, while with WSA the free lime content decreased due to the pozzolanic activity of WSA. Any further increase of WSA content more than 25 wt. %, all properties adversely effected. So, the optimum content of WSA is 25 wt. %.
Use of Tyre Pyrolysis Products as Recycled Raw Materials for the Production of Composite Suspension Fuel
Composite suspension fuel (CSF) is a viable alternative not only to solid coal but also to fuel oil and diesel fuel. The issue with combined systems is the low stability and heterogeneity of the distribution of solid particles, which causes an increase in the viscosity of dispersed systems. Studies have shown that it is possible to use pyrocarbon, which is made from used car tyres, as a fuel for boats. Systems based on pyrocarbon without additives have high viscosity values. To regulate the rheological properties and stabilize the CSF, additives such as dispersants, plasticisers, and stabilisers are used. Research has been done into how dispersants affect the properties of composite suspension fuel (CSF). They used additives like carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), sodium lignosulfonate (LSTNa), naphthalene formaldehyde (NF), the condensation product of β-naphthalene sulfonic acid and formaldehyde (C-3), and humic acids. Studies of the flow of CSF based on pyrocarbon are in line with studies of the surface of pyrocarbon using electrokinetic methods. It is estimated that the surface of unmodified pyrocarbon has a positive charge at a pH of 2-10. The addition of reagents causes a change in the surface charge of the pyrocarbon and surface recharging. The best results have been obtained in CSF formulations with additives containing a sulfur group, such as C-3, NF, and LSTNa in a mass concentration of 2%. The resulting suspensions have an apparent viscosity of no more than 0.8 Pa·s, which makes it possible to use the obtained CSF as a liquid fuel suspension with a solid phase concentration of up to 60% by mass.
Conventional Friction Stir Welding and Bobbin Friction Stir Welding for Joining Space Grade Aluminium Alloy 6061-T6 by an Industry-compatible Way: A Comparative Study
Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a modern solid-state joining process. It joins materials without allowing them to melt, with minimal change in their properties. There are multiple types of FSW based on the method of implementation. In the current study, the two most common techniques of FSW, known as Conventional Friction Stir Welding (CFSW) and Bobbin Friction Stir Welding (BFSW), are employed to fabricate butt joints of space-grade aluminum alloy 6061-T6 by utilizing the conventional milling machine, in-house development of FSW tool and heat treating the high temperature steel (H-13) using low cost steel foil method. Two different types of tools were manufactured, heat treated and FSW was performed. The comparison of the properties attained by the butt joints are presented in this study. Two welds were successful out of four successful experiments performed, which were found to contain an average tensile strength of 128 MPa along with 65-97% of average base metal hardness. It was also concluded that BFSW is more reliable for longer joints.
Pyrolyzed Soybean Hulls as a Potential Conductive Filler in High-Density Polyethylene / Carbon–Black Composites
Electrically conductive polymer composites have a variety of applications in electronics and packaging. Current research focuses on environmentally friendly alternatives to carbon-based fillers, such as Carbon Black (CB), and other inorganic fillers. Biochar, i.e., pyrolyzed biomass, has emerged with great potential due to its high carbon content and thermal stability. This study investigates the feasibility of PSBH as a conductive filler in HDPE/CB composites to determine its effectiveness in enhancing electrical properties. HDPE/PSBH composites were prepared through melt mixing, and their electrical conductivity was analyzed using a four-point probe method. The influence of filler composition, dispersion, and processing parameters on conductivity was evaluated. Results indicate that while PSBH alone has limited conductivity, its combination with CB improves composite performance, offering a potential pathway toward partially bio-based conductive materials. The findings contribute to the development of sustainable polymer composites by integrating agricultural waste-derived carbon materials.
Preparation of (AgO) By Green Synthesis and Its Potential Use in Medical Fields
Since the increased drug efficacy and lower toxicity in nano-mediated drug delivery model have led to various applications in current science, the ecologically friendly synthesis regarding nanoparticles (NPs) by the green route from plant extracts has gained favour. In the presented work, we looked into the biosynthesis regarding silver oxide nanoparticles (AgO NPs) from AgO NPs leaves that are both stable and reasonably priced. The approach used for preparing AgNPs using green synthesis is demonstrated in this work to be straightforward and affordable. This was accomplished by combining an aqueous solution of silver nitrate with an olive extract, and visual spectroscopy as well as colour change were employed to demonstrate the preparation of AgNPs. Through using UV spectroscopy, the nature regarding the synthesized AgNPs was determined to be 2.5 mM. According to the research, silver nitrate aqueous extract is a good material for making AgNPs, and by modifying the factors influencing this study, more AgNPs in smaller sizes could be produced. After that, it was established that the extracted silver oxide had antibacterial characteristics, allowing it to be employed in a variety of pharmaceutical preparations for treating infections brought on by both negative and positive bacteria. As it was demonstrated to have a bactericidal effect on bacteria like the ones we utilized in this research-namely, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus pneumoniae, and Escherichia.
Olive leaves, green synthesis, silver oxide, bacterial species, silver nanoparticles, XRD examination
Study of the Bioleaching and Dissolution Kinetics of Zinc from a Zinc Secondary Source Using Indigenous Acidothiobacillus Ferrooxidans
The increasing global demand for zinc has led to rapid depletion of its primary sources. Bioleaching, a sustainable and eco-friendly technology, offers a promising solution for metal recovery from secondary source. This study investigates the bioleaching of zinc from a secondary source, being a zinc-rich dumpsite, using indigenous acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. The effects of pH, temperature, inoculum percentage and agitation speed on zinc dissolution were assessed. The results showed that optimal bioleaching conditions were pH 2.5, temperature 30°C, 20% inoculum and agitation speed 150 rpm with a maximum bioleaching of 75.5%. The dissolution kinetics using the shrinking-core model followed a mixed control; the reaction kinetics followed a first-order model, with an activation energy requirement (Ea) of 468.261 J/mol. The indigenous A. ferrooxidans strain demonstrated high performance and metal tolerance. This study highlights the potential of bioleaching for zinc recovery from secondary waste, contributing to economy sustainability and reduced environmental pollution.
Bioleaching, Municipal, Acidothiobacillus ferroxidans, Dissolution, Recovery.
Passivation Layer Reduction of Chalcopyrite for Sustainable Extraction of Copper Using Additives Assisted Bioleaching: A Mini Review
Nowadays, rich copper ore grades have been exploited and thus mining companies have been increasing their interest to liberate or extract copper from low grade copper ores, mainly from chalcopyrite. However, chalcopyrite ore is the future source of copper, its extraction is hindered due to the formation of passivation film, which consequently inhibiting the leaching efficiency of copper. This review paper sheds light on and critically assesses the recent advancements in passivation film reduction strategies to enhance the recovery rate of copper from chalcopyrite using a synergetic effect of bioleaching and external additives. The microorganisms used in bioleaching enhance the surface property of chalcopyrite due to their unique capabilities of biofilm formation, which enhances adhesion properties. Addition of external additives during the bioleaching improve the microbial activities the ore by providing an active surface for microbial attachment, which boosts dissolution of the chalcopyrite and consequently reduces the formation of passivation film. According to their optimum temperature, microorganisms used in bioleaching classify as mesophilic, moderate thermophilic and extremely thermophilic microorganisms. Mesophilic microorganisms are dominated in bioleaching. This review paper aims as a compiled reference material for future studies towards high recovery of copper from chalcopyrite by modifying the surface property of the ore. Recognizing the rapid advancement and importance of bioleaching in the extractive metallurgy industry (mainly in the extraction of copper from low grade copper sulphide ores), this review paper serves for practitioners as a crucial and technically advanced source for future researches in chalcopyrite bioleaching, techniques for passivation layer reduction of chalcopyrite and current advancements in bioleaching.
Optimization of Leaching Parameters and Kinetic Modelling for Leaching of Zinc from Zarara Hill Sulphide Ore in Different Acid Solutions
This research focused on optimization and kinetics of zinc dissolution from Zarara Hill sulphide ore using HNO3, HCl and H2SO4. A polymetallic sulphide ore collected from Zarara hill, Kaduna State, Nigeria, was used for this study. The result of elemental analysis of the powdered sulphide ore using ICP-OES technique indicate that the major elements detected are Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb and S while the minor elements include Co, Ni, Mo, and Cd. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to model, optimize and evaluate the effects and interactions of the influential parameters on the recovery of zinc using HNO3, HCl and H2SO4. From the output proposed by the Design-Expert software, the quadratic model was not aliased. In order to fit a good model, a test for significance of the regression model and individual model coefficients with lack of fit test was performed. The significant factors were ranked based on P-value (probability value) with 95% confidence level. The smaller ‘P’ values from the ANOVA generated for both HNO3, HCl and H2SO4 show more significant of the corresponding coefficients. All the R-squared values are close to one and each of the adjusted R-squared values are close to its corresponding R-square value. These confirm the adequacy of the developed model. Dissolution kinetics, studies shows that the order of reaction concerning H+ ion concentration for zinc dissolution using HCl, H2SO4 and HNO3 were 0.53, 0.58 and 0.54 respectively. And from Arrhenius plot the activation energy were calculated to be 24.3, 22.8 and 21.2 kJmol-1 for HCl, H2SO4 and HNO3 dissolutions respectively.
Adsorption Efficiency of UV-Irradiated Polyvinyl Alcohol-Alginate Adsorbent Beads for Chromium (VI) Removal
Due to the risk of chromium (Cr) contamination, industrial waste emissions have become a global concern, necessitating an effective adsorption approach. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) alginate beads are a promising material for overcoming this problem. The present work aims to investigate the effect of ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation on the preparation of PVA-alginate beads throughout a range of UV irradiation durations, as well as its Cr (VI) removal rate. In this work, a homogeneous gel made of PVA and sodium alginate (SA) was produced and then radiated to UVA light for varying periods of time (5-20 minutes). Subsequently, the PVA-alginate adsorbent beads were made by crosslinking with 6% boric acid and 2% calcium chloride. PVA-alginate adsorbent beads were fabricated easily after UVA irradiation because the viscosity of gel PVA-alginate was reduced. The Cr (VI) adsorption experiment employed 15 g of PVA-alginate adsorbent beads, 180 minutes of adsorption time, and 50 mg/L Cr (VI) initial concentration. The size analysis revealed that the average diameter of the adsorbent beads after Cr (VI) adsorption was approximately 4.00 mm. The UV-Vis results showed that sample A prepared by exposing the PVA-alginate adsorbent beads to UV light for 5 minutes has an optimum Cr (VI) removal rate of 71.63% after in contact for 180 minutes. This study's findings were critical for establishing a new knowledge of the production of PVA-alginate beads irradiated with UV light and moving forward to mitigate heavy metal pollution in waste water, therefore enhancing the quality of water and the environment.
Production of Biocompatible Bacterial Cellulose-Chitosan Composite from Nata de Coco (Acetobacter xylinum) and Squid Gladius (Sepioteuthis lessoniana)
The increasing demand of sustainable biocompatible composites of bacterial cellulose (BC) and chitosan (C) has grown much attention in the past years. In this study, a biocompatible bacterial cellulose–chitosan composite (BCC) was produced from Nata de Coco (NC) and Squid Gladius (SG) as the source of BC and C respectively. The effects of varying chitosan concentrations (2%, 5%, 8% w/v) on the composite’s physicochemical properties—including morphology, water holding capacity, and tensile strength—along with its biocompatibility in Simulated Body Fluid (SBF), were investigated. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed that the BCC composite exhibited a denser and more homogenized structure compared to the native BC pellicle. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis showed characteristic spectra for the pellicles between 2800 and 1200 cm⁻¹, with distinct bands for amide groups observed at 1613, 1550, and 1337 cm⁻¹, indicating the presence of chitosan. Among the composites, the BCC containing 8% w/v chitosan demonstrated the highest water holding capacity (581%), while the composite with 5% w/v chitosan exhibited superior tensile strength. SEM images of BCC samples subjected to the SBF process showed gradual hydroxyapatite (HaP) crystal formation, with a Ca-P ratio approaching 1.67 by the third day, as confirmed by X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), indicating promising biocompatibility. FTIR analysis also revealed typical absorption bands of HaP, including peaks at 3555 and 622 cm⁻¹ corresponding to the stretching and liberation modes of hydrogen-bonded ions, respectively. The findings of this study highlight the potential of producing biopolymers from biomass sources, paving the way for their application in wound dressing materials and other biomedical uses.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Sustainable Materials Processing and Management https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Understanding the Risk Factors and Diagnosis of Cervical Cancer: A Review of Vaccination and Drug Delivery Materials
Globally cervical cancer is a significant one of the major cause of death in women. One-third of the total new cases arises of this disease in women across the globe. It is generally spread by papillomavirus (HPV). It may happen due to having multiple sex partner relationship, uses of distinct contraceptives methods, smoking as well as dietary factors responsible for cervical cancer. Now a days, cervical cancer exposure has currently spread rapidly. So, this study aims to explore epidemiology, causes, diagnosis, current treatment method to overcome this disease affected individuals. Initially in cervical cancer affected individual, no symptom is appeared but as ever it affects any other organs of body, it can produce various symptoms like pelvic, abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding as well as gynecological infection. So, it is necessary that at ages of 9 to 15 years individuals should be vaccinated. Currently, three HPV vaccines are approved for different cervical cancer targets, namely Gardasil, Cervarix, and Gardasil, which target HPV6, HPV11, HPV16, HPV 18 HPV31, HPV33, HPV45, HPV52, and HPV58 respectively. Especially HPV E6 and E7 genes showed a great potential for treating cervical cancer. Simultaneously radiotherapy, immunotherapy, chemotherapy and distinct drug delivery method are helpful to destroy cancer cell in cervical cancer affected individuals.
Cervical cancer, Papillomavirus (HPV), Diagnosis, risk factor HPV, HPV vaccines, screening, treatment
Challenges and Opportunities of Artificial Intelligence on Composite Material Engineering
This paper explores the transformative potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in composite material engineering, addressing the challenges and opportunities associated with integrating AI technologies into this field. Despite the significant advancements in AI, its application in composite material engineering faces hurdles such as data acquisition and preprocessing, model interpretability, and computational resource limitations. This paper outlines strategies to overcome these challenges, including enhancing data acquisition techniques, developing interpretable AI models, and investing in computational infrastructure. Additionally, we emphasize the importance of interdisciplinary education, ethical governance, and regulatory frameworks to ensure the responsible use of AI. The implications of AI for the future of composite material engineering are profound, with the potential to revolutionize material design, optimization, and manufacturing processes, leading to breakthroughs in performance, efficiency, and sustainability. By fostering collaboration, strategic planning, and innovation, this paper aims to chart a path forward for leveraging AI to drive advancements in composite material engineering that benefit society and promote environmental sustainability.
Moringa Based Nanoparticles Coated Face-mask to Manage the Patients Suffering from Respiratory Disorder
Human exposure to various air pollutants and contagious agents mainly occurs through two ways, namely, inhalation and skin contact. COVID-19 compelled the extensive use of respiratory face-mask by public world-wide. The people suffering from respiratory disorder like asthma were claimed to face lots of complications during wearing of mask such as physical distress, dizziness, perceived shortness of air, and headache. But, masking has become a standard and as an effective barrier to curb the aerosol spreads. However, excessive use of single-use polymer-based face masks can pose a significant challenge to the environment. The aim of present work is to develop medicinal plant (Moringa) based, eco-friendly nanoparticles coated face-mask fabric to manage the complications of the person while wearing face-mask. Moringa loaded chitosan nanoparticles were developed and used in the coating of face-mask fabrics. Further, developed nanoparticles and coated fabrics characterized for various parameters. The percentage yield of the various nanoparticle formulations were found to be in the range of (31.71±2.36%–96.36±2.29%). The particle size, Zeta Potential and poly dispersity index (PI) of different formulations were in the range of (217.2±4.2nm-5712.5±12.2nm), (2.8±0.9mV-28.1±0.3mV) and (0.266±0.02mV-2.315±0.10 mV) respectively. Surface morphologyhave shown spherical, uniform and well dispersed particles as observed by optical microscope and scanning electron microscope and coated facemask has shown nanoparticles embedded in the matrix of fabric. The best optimized Moringa loaded chitosan nanoparticles (F1) coated face-mask has shown zone of inhibition about (25±1.5 mm) for antimicrobial effect against Streptococcus pneumoniae which indicates therapeutic efficacy of the respiratory face-mask.
Respiratory disorders; eco-friendly; medicinal plants; moringa; nanomaterials; face-mask