Journal of Advancement in Environmental Solution and Resource Recovery
Journal of Advancement in Environmental Solution and Resource Recovery (JAESRR) is a peer review journal that publishes twice a year. This journal is an original written work of latest achievement in research and review and analysis that aid in the development and advance solution to improving environmental quality, and commercialization of resource recovery as well as effective strategies to solve the environmental problems.
Analysis of Traffic Noise Pollution at School Area that Located in Gemencheh Town, Negeri Sembilan
Humans have caused a great deal of tremendous progress in recent times. However, in order to accomplish progress, one of the challenges generated by humans was Road Traffic Noise, which was caused by the unavoidable arrival of vehicles on the road. This research study was done primarily in three school areas: SMK Dato Mohd Taha, SJK(C) Sin Min, and SK Datuk Abdullah, all of which are located in Gemencheh town. The sound level meter (SW-524) was utilized for the measurement. For three days, each school was monitored (07:30-08:30) in the morning and (12:30-1:30) in the afternoon for one-hour data traffic noise collection: Day 1 (Sunday), Day 2 (Monday), and Day 3 (Tuesday) (Tuesday). In addition, a questionnaire survey was distributed to school pupils in order to determine their level of awareness. . According to the data studied traffic noise, SMK Dato Mohd Taha had the highest Leq 92.11dBa, TNI 139.5dBa, and Lnp value of 70.90dBa. In addition, SJK(C) Sin Min recorded 29.1dBa. Meanwhile, SK Datuk Abdullah does not violate the DOE's real noise limit. DOE's actual noise limit for Leq was 60dBa, TNI was 74dBa, and Lnp was 88dBa. According to the data acquired, the Leq, TNI, and Lnp surpass the DOE Malaysia's maximum noise limit guidelines. The largest number of respondents (schoolchildren) who replied "Yes" in the questionnaire survey was 51 for SMK Dato Mohd Taha. In comparison to SK Datuk Abdullah, there was just one "Yes" response. This depicts the SMK Dato Mohd Taha disastrous position. This depicts the disastrous scenario of the SMK Dato Mohd Taha traffic noise since its road was the main road between Tampin and Gemas. SK Datuk Abdullah respondents also responded "No" with 99 respondents.
Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of Advancement in Environmental Solution and Resource Recovery
A Review of Strategies to Prevent On-Site Construction Waste
One of the most important concerns that improves building profitability is the implementation of a positive approach to minimize construction waste. This paper will discuss the roots of construction waste, current waste reduction strategies, and lastly the possible use of waste management. Furthermore, the key environmental priority for this issue should be to control and mitigate construction waste generation. The purpose of this study is to provide prevention measures, and the rising tide of public awareness is all conspiring to modify the face of waste management. Clients, contractors, suppliers, and designers Architects & Engineers all have opportunities and duties to reduce construction waste. The outcomes of this study will assist academics in furthering their research into important management strategies for reducing on-site building waste.
Application of HEC-RAS for Drainage Capacity Analysis in Sungai Jempol, Negeri Sembilan
Floodplain research is important for human existence and the social economy. It can be observed that the positions of buildings impacted by flooding, such as bridges and roads, cannot be properly matched to the floodplain site in stream floodplain analysis using most computer models. The purpose of this study is to develop an output of Hydrologic Engineering Center’s River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) hydraulic model that will allow for one-dimensional steady flow analysis and stimulate the flood area for 20, 50 and 100 years. This study is applied to Sungai Jempol catchment area, located in Jempol. Floodplain data features such as length of streams, bank position, streamline and cross-sections were used to produce river flow and its cross-sectional shape for each station along the study area. Total of 3 flow rate values were used to indicate an increase in the water level in order to accommodate the additional amount of water that flow into river. The results show that water will overflow into the floodplain at maximum flow rate of 9m3/s or 20 years of return period. The hydraulic model had indicated that 5 out of 30 stations were unable to accommodate the maximum flow rate and thus will led to flooding. By developing the hydraulic model, it clearly shows that the results are more reliable and the affected area can be easily identified. The developed flood model can be a very useful tool in flood management of Sungai Jempol in terms of river development planning, flood mitigation measures, flood evacuation planning and addressing public awareness. This study proved that HEC-RAS is one of effective instrument for analysis and modeling.
Floodplain; Sungai Jempol; HEC-RAS; Drainage capacity
A Study of Outdoor Concentrations of Particulate Matter (PM2.5) on Different Floors of a University Building
Residents at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn (UTHM) buildings complained about dust from nine nearby factories. This study compared PM2.5 levels on different floors of a building to the New Malaysia Ambient Air Quality Guideline (NAAQG). Met One E-Sampler was used to measure PM2.5 and meteorological characteristics at different floor levels. Data was collected daily for 24 hours on each floor, except on public holidays, at two monitoring locations: FKAAB and FSKTM. This study analyzed PM2.5 on different floors and hours. On the ground level of FKAAB and the third floor of FSKTM, the average PM2.5 concentration was 29 µg/m3 and 31 µg/m3, respectively. The 2nd floor FKAAB reveals similar levels as the ground floor, 28 µg/m3. 2nd floor FKAAB was 3rd floor FSKTM. Both levels have the greatest PM2.5 concentration in UTHM air. PM2.5 concentrations were below the NAAQG (35 µg/m3). The greatest PM2.5 concentration was detected at 8:00 p.m. with 39 µg/m3 on the bottom level of FKAAB. The highest PM2.5 concentration on the third floor of FSKTM was 51 µg/m3 at 8:00 a.m. and 11 µg/m3 at 4:00 p.m. Human activity such as nearby industries, buildings, and heavy traffic altered the concentrations. In conclusion, more research is needed to determine which human activities contribute the most to UTHM air pollutants.
Mapping Spatial Distribution of Copper, Dissolved Oxygen and Total Suspended Solids Concentration in Road Stormwater Drainage at Industrial Area
In present scenario, the urbanization area stormwater quality is decreasing due to human activities such as transportation movement and industrial development. This study was carried out to determine the concentration of water quality parameters such as pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), turbidity, Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and copper and to develop the spatial distribution mapping of pH, copper and TSS by using Surfer 8 software. Stormwater samples were collected within 4 weeks from 5 sampling points that had been identified. The experiment tested were conducted according to established technique of the American Public Health Association (APHA, 2012). The results showed that the range reading for pH was 6.48 to 7.60, DO is between 4.45 to 7.49 mg/L, turbidity was ranged 11.94 to 27.16 mg/L, TSS was 11 to 27 mg/L and copper was ranging from 0.19 to 0.27 mg/L. The spatial distribution mapping developed by Surfer 8 software and figure out the trends changing of water quality in the road stormwater drainage. The results showed that the drainage nearest to S3and S5 as most threatened by Cu and lower of DO concentration. The identification of spatial distribution in the study area helps stormwater management to be beneficial in decision-making processes.
Understanding Flood Vulnerability Issues in Hulu Langat Residential Zone: A Study of Taman Sri Nanding, Hulu Langat, Malaysia
Flood vulnerability issues in residential zones in Taman Sri Nanding, Hulu Langat, Malaysia require to be addressed, analyzed and carefully recorded. This is because the residential zones are severely affected and immediately need to implement effective strategies in mitigating flood hazards. However, there are limited research in understanding flood vulnerability issues in residential zone with respect to Taman Sri Nanding, Hulu Langat, Malaysia. There are no framework provided on dealing with the existing flood vulnerability issues in residential zones. The aim of this paper is to understand the flood vulnerability issues in residential zones in Taman Sri Nanding, Hulu Langat, Malaysia and put forward a framework to mitigate the flood hazards. Qualitative research methodology is adopted for this research through analysing the perspectives of local with open-ended questionnaires. It has been found that there are still more actions required to implement by the local authority in order to provide better living conditions for the residents of Taman Sri Nanding. Moreover, careful considerations should be made for low income group of Taman Sri Nanding, who are the most vulnerable during flood. Hence, it is significant to take into account of the perspectives of local authority for carrying further this research.
Flood mitigation, Hulu Langat, Disaster risk reduction
Composite Coagulant (PACSPP) Ability to Remove Ammonia and Colour from Stabilised Leachate Under Ratio, pH and Dosage Influence
Along with chemical coagulants, coagulation-flocculation is one of the applications that works well for stable leachate treatment. Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) and sweet potato peels (SPP) were operated as a composite coagulant (PACSPP) to investigate the efficiency of removing colour and ammonia from Simpang Renggam landfill’s leachate. From the analysis of the results, the optimum ratio of composite coagulant was PACSPP(b) with a 4:6 ratio. The optimum dose and pH for composite coagulant of PACSPP(b) was 5,000 mg/L at pH 6, with removal percentages of colour and ammonia being 92% and 66%, respectively. The removal percentage of colour and ammonia of composite coagulant is at par but with less chemical coagulant. These results show that a composite coagulant made up of chemical coagulant (PAC) and natural coagulant (SPP) combined the best qualities of both coagulants and improved the coagulation effectiveness
Removal of Ammoniacal Nitrogen, Colour and Suspended Solids from Leachate using Aerated Electrochemical Coagulation (AEC) Under the Influence Factors of Electrolyte Concentration and Aeration Rate
In this study, aerated electrochemical coagulation (AEC) was used to treat leachate. This study was conducted to determine the best conditions for the AEC method to remove ammoniacal nitrogen, colour and suspended solids from leachate. Electrolyte concentration and aeration rate were the variable operating parameters of this study. Al and Fe electrodes were aerated with an air pump, and polyaluminium chloride (PAC) was added simultaneously to the leachate sample. The optimum value obtained from the AEC was 60ml of electrolyte concentration and an aeration rate of 1.0 L/min. Based on the optimum conditions, the experimental results removed 38%, 93%, and 95% of ammoniacal nitrogen, colour, and suspended solids, respectively. This indicates that the AEC method enhanced the removal of ammoniacal nitrogen, colour and suspended solids from leachate. However, only suspended solids comply with the effluent standard.
Monitoring Water Level and Water Quality in Rainwater Harvesting Tank using Internet of Things (IoT) Device
In the content of Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), the Internet of Things (IoT) is encouraged to be implemented in various areas of the industry, including the hydrology industry. The water quality parameters such as pH value and turbidity of water can be monitored via the IoT device. Thus, in this study, the objectives are to monitor the water level, pH value and turbidity of water in the rainwater harvesting (RWH) storage tank built using IoT devices, and to estimate the suitable volume of RWH storage tank on the rooftop of Kumpulan Perubatan Johor (KPJ) Batu Pahat Specialist Hospital. The combination of ultrasonic sensors, pH sensors, turbidity sensors and rain gauge with the Arduino were utilized for the water monitoring system installed at the RWH storage tank at KPJ Batu Pahat Specialist Hospital. The output of the data, including water level, pH value, turbidity and rainfall depth were monitored through the online portal of MyAgriTECH Monitoring System within six months from November 2020 to April 2021. The time interval for the measurement of the parameters was every 10 minutes, from the beginning until the end. The water level obtained ranged from 132.15 cm to 184.11 cm. The pH value recorded were ranged from 5.45 to 12.38, whereas the lowest turbidity and highest turbidity was 9.25 NTU and 67.11 NTU, respectively. For the estimation of optimum size for rainwater harvesting storage tank, the results obtained was 5 m3. The use of IoT device in monitoring water level and water quality in RWH tank can be implemented due to RWH system is indeed one of the alternatives to solve the problem of water supply.
Groundwater Quality Assessment for Drinking Purposes Using Multivariate Analysis and Surfer in Seremban, Negeri Sembilan
Groundwater deterioration usually related to pollution that caused by human activities and natural sources that occurred underground. Water quality is important in order to maintain individual health. The objectives of this study were to determine the factor impacting groundwater quality for drinking purpose using multivariate statistical analysis and to generate groundwater contour map and flow direction using Surfer software. Multivariate analysis was used to analyze and identifying the element or factor that impacting the water quality in Seremban, Negeri Sembilan. Total ten parameters of five wells were analyzed. The results of descriptive analysis explained that based on the quality of physical and chemical parameters, water from these five wells are suitable to be used as drinking water. The qualities are all below the limit recommended by Ministry of Health (MOH) and World Health Organization (WHO), except for electrical conductivity (EC) and bicarbonate (HCO3) parameters. Hierarchical analysis result was then classified the groundwater into three cluster. Cluster 1 has less salinity type of water and Cluster 2 it might cause by the replenishment of freshwater. For Cluster 3, value of EC has the highest compared to others at 508.00 µS/cm. In principal cluster (PC) analysis or factor analysis, result shows that PC2 (Principal for Cluster 2) has the total variance of 11.91%. This PC2 result indicated that source of pollution in the groundwater sample is might due to anthropogenic activities such as agriculture, urbanization, and natural sources (mineral dissolution) based on previous studies. The generation of water table map using Surfer software shows that the groundwater is flowing from East to West direction of Seremban map.
The Combination of a Previous Kitchen Waste Grease Trap for Fat, Oil, and Grease for Pre-Treatment
Fat, oil, and grease (FOG) contamination of wastewater is a significant problem for municipalities and operators of solid waste facilities. Restaurants and households are the higher contributions to the FOG entering the sewage system. Its discharge into the sewage system leads to a constant build-up that eventually causes sewer pipes to get clogged. Numerous scholars have examined FOG deposition concerning sewage conditions and local lifestyles. in addition, innovative technologies have been launched to the market that removes FOG from wastewater before its discharge into drainage and sewage systems. Grease interceptors, for example, are installed under certain restaurant kitchen sinks to collect grease from kitchen effluent. This technology is expensive, requires a lot of upkeep and space, and is often disregarded, resulting in odour discomfort. This research aims to modify a grease trap as the primary treatment method for untreated kitchen wastewater based on the gravity separation principle and to investigate the efficiency of grease trap physical treatment in a water treatment system used to filter oil and grease in the sink channel. Furthermore, when the outflow from the kitchen sink enters the grease trap, solid food particles sink into the grease trap while grease and oil float to the surface. The grease-free water goes into the septic system. Food particles in the waste food trap and floating oil and grease must be frequently removed. The optimization of the separation process was determined using a grease trap based on the flow rate of kitchen wastewater. The results revealed that the optimization removal of FOG was 99.54% with a 2.41 L/min of flow rate. Hence, this study shows the effectiveness of using grease traps could treat raw kitchen wastewater based on the gravity separation principle.
FOG, kitchen wastewater, sewage system, grease trap
Growth and Survival of Acropora Formosa (Scleractinia: Acroporidae) Coral Fragments and Their Impact on Reef Fish Assemblage in Geluk Island, Terengganu
Coral transplantation is a widely used technique for restoring damaged reefs in order to restore coral abundance, recruitment, and species diversity. However, its limited evidence to prove the impacts on coral reef fish. In this study, the fish abundance was determined before and after a coral transplant project at Geluk island, Terengganu. Prior to the study, branching coral from acropora formosa species were propagated and evaluated for 2 years. The experimental design included a mortality percent and the growth rate of coral fragment used. Correspondingly, quantify the differences in reef fish diversity indices before and after the propagation. Overall, the coral fragment survived at rate of 96%, and the growth rates of fragment ranged between 6.4 ± 0.6 cm/year to 9.5 ± 1.1 cm/year. Pomacentridae was determined to be dominant family for coral reef fish, and the fish species increased in term of their species diversity (H1) from 0.000 (2016) to 1.053 (2017) and 2.076 (2018) respectively. High growth and survival rates of acropora formosa coral fragments and the increases pattern of fish diversity found in this study suggested that the coral propagation is successful and feasible in increasing the fish assemblages.
A Laboratory Investigation on Flow Rate Coefficient for Compound Weir
Abstract: The determination of the flowrate in an open channel can be obtained indirectly through the application of the weir. Therefore, the flow rate coefficient is significant as the value will differ based on the shape of the weir. Compound weirs are suitable shapes for rivers that have low flow levels during the dry season and high flow during the rainy season. The purpose of the study is to determine the flowrate coefficient, Cd values, using a rectangular-triangular weir. The method used was an experimental study by using nine models of compound weirs with different measurements of V-notch angle, ?, and length of weir, L. The highest value for Cd is 0.47 which characteristics weir, L = 0.10 m, ? = 50o (Model 2) at H = 0.076 m. Meanwhile, the lowest value of Cd is 0.11 which characteristics weir, L = 0.15 m, ? = 50o (Model 8) at H = 0.025 m. Furthermore, V-notch angle, ? = 50o is the best angle of V-notch when combined with all constant L (0.1 m, 0.12 m, and 0.15 m). The correlation between Cd and H, and Qexp and Qtheory show good relations between variables except for Model 7. It is shown that the flowrate and measurement of the weir influence the flowrate coefficient, Cd. In conclusion the value of the flow rate coefficient, Cd can be identified for high and low water flows before being used at the actual site. Therefore, an exact value of discharge is a design criterion that must be met by the hydraulic structure. If the discharge is overestimated, the structure might collapse, and if the discharge is underestimated, the structure might not last very long owing to weakness. Keywords: Compound weirs, Flowrate coefficient, experimental study, Rectangular-Triangular weir
Stormwater Drainage Design (Case Study: UTHM Campus)
The impervious surface has risen as a result of development is growing rapidly. Impervious surfaces are considered to have poor water permeability as the surface prevents water from penetrating it which can lead to increased surface runoff. The rise of surface runoff at impervious area such as paved road and parking area will be far more severe especially when there is no existing drain nearby at Jalan Kolej in UTHM Campus. Along with the condition of road chambers that have slope to drain surface runoff to the road shoulder also may increase the surface runoff drastically in that area as the water will accumulate more due to slow infiltration rate. Therefore, the objective of this case study is to determine runoff problem at impervious area that may cause flash flood as well as to propose a good design for new storm water drainage. In this study, the rational method and Manning's equation were applied. Rational method was used to determine the peak runoff in the study area and Manning's equation was used to ensure that the stormwater drain designed were able to accommodate peak surface runoff. As a result, it was discovered that the poor infiltration rate in the study area was also a contributing factor to increasing impervious surface runoff. The lowest infiltration rate discovered in UTHM Campus was 9.78 mm/hr. In order to decreased surface runoff on impervious surfaces while minimising the risk of flash floods, the designed stormwater drain should be able to accommodate peak flow. The peak discharge at the study area was at subcatchment 3 with 1.723 m3/s while the designed stormwater drainage capacity was 4.119 m3/s. By doing this study, runoff problems were identified and a stormwater drain was developed to mitigate the problem in the study area.
Study on the Water Quality Index (WQI) of Parit Besar River in Batu Pahat
Water resources play an important role in supplying water for domestic, industrial and agricultural. More than 70% of the Earth’s surface was covered with water sources were found in rivers, lakes, rainwater, groundwater, and others. However, over time, water quality deteriorates due to exposure to weather changes and urbanisation, and effects from point and non-point sources of pollution. The objectives of this study were to measure the Water Quality Index (WQI) parameters and identify the Parit Besar River latest status based on the WQI and National Water Quality Standards (NWQS) for Malaysia. Water samples were collected from three locations along the Parit Besar River and was analysed using six WQI parameters: the Ammonia Nitrogen (AN), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), pH, and Total Suspended Solids (TSS). In all upstream, middle and downstream sampling locations and WQI analyses, results show that the status of the Parit Besar river falls in Class IV. Meanwhile, the average NQWS Class of each parameter for AN, BOD, COD, DO, pH and TSS are 2.25 mg/L (Class IV), 6.18 mg/L (Class IV), 66.50 mg/L (Class IV), 6.15 mg/L (Class IIA), 6.86 (Class I) and 343.33 mg/L (Class V), respectively. It can be concluded that with the high population and high development of housing areas surrounding Parit Besar river have been leading this river to be highly contaminated, and this river is not appropriate for water supply or fisheries, hence it can only be used for irrigation purposes.
Study of Traffic Noise Pollution at Penang Sentral Area, Butterworth, Penang
Noise pollution has become a major environment issue that happen at the urban area in the city. The noise pollution can affect the mental and physical health of the people nearby the resources of the sound. The lack of sleep, poor performance during working or studying and hearing impairment is one of the impacts because of constant noise pollution. The objectives of this research are to measure the traffic noise level at three difference area which are SMK Convent Butterworth, KTM Butterworth, and Surau Al- Hidayah Balai Pukat. The objective is to determine the traffic noise index and equvalent continuous noise pollution at three differences area which are SMK Convent Butterworth, KTM Butterworth, and Surau Al-Hidayah Balai Pukat and lastly to identify the awareness about the traffic noise pollution around the Penang Sentral community. The research area is Penang Sentral, Butterworth, Pulau Pinang. The hand-held sound level meter has been used to collect the data. The research will be conduct during peak hour for 5 days at three different stations around Penang Sentral area. The aim of this study is able to reduce the noise pollution and improve the health of the student and residents. The result from this study is there are noise pollution around the Penang Sentral area. The LAeq has exceed 70 dBa at the Surau Al Hidayah and KTM Butterworth. The TNI at the 3 location also has exceed 74 dBa. The people around the area also aware about the noise pollution in Penang Sentral area and they agree that noise pollution can cause health problem. The authorities play a big roles to overcome this problem. They have to plan the city planning before approve the building to be constructed. At the Penang Sentral area indeed has a noise pollution around the area.
Stabilized Leachate Treatment Using Aerated Electrocoagulation to Reduce Ammonia Nitrogen and Colour Removal
Landfill leachate is considered dangerous as it contains countless pollutants. Untreated landfill leachate will damage groundwater resources, the environment and human health. An appropriate treatment is necessary to treat leachate to prevent harm to the environment and humans. The objective in this research is to determine the optimum aerated electrocoagulation under the influence of current density, pH of leachate and aeration rate for ammonia nitrogen and colour removal. The efficiency of removal ammonia nitrogen and colour were compared with Environmental Quality (Control of pollution from solid wastewater transfer station and landfill) Regulation 2009. This research used leachate from Simpang Renggam Sanitary Landfill. In this experiment two electrodes of aluminium and ferum at anode and cathode respectively were used. The highest removal percentage were obtained at 84.93% and 58.82% for the colour and ammonia nitrogen at 200 A/m2 of current density, 1.0 L/min of aeration rate and pH 5. The removal value was still insufficient to fit the environment quality standard. However, to meet the environmental quality standard, integration with other treatments method is suggested.
Assessment and Mapping of Ammonium Concentration in Swale around Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environment and G3 Lake, Universiti Tun Hussien Onn Malaysia, (UTHM)
Water contamination can occur in a variety distinct way, point source and non-point source, leading to the catchment by surface runoff. This study has shown that the presence of ammonium in the swales at the Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environment and G3 Lake, Universiti Tun Hussien Onn Malaysia. Undoubtedly, this ammonium concentration presence in the swale is generated by urbanization and the rise in the quantity of impermeable surfaces like buildings, roofs, roads, parking lots, and other transportation-related structures. It is also caused by pollutants, including vehicle emissions and maintenance of side swale such as grass cutting. The concentration ammonium presence in the swale around the Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environment and G3 Lake was verified. Surfer Software was used to develop spatial distribution mapping. The color pattern shows that the ammonium concentration each week by the number of all sampling point areas. The result of each parameter for ammonium ranged 0.01- 0.8 mg/L, DO ranged 5.83- 8.47 mg/L, turbidity ranged 0.97- 63.27 NTU, pH ranged 3.62- 6.94, temperature ranged 23.3-28.1 ? C and TDS ranged 100- 900 mg/L. The outcome of this research could be to give insights about the adequacy of water for daily usage activities, reducing the environmental impact and exhibit the trend of ammonium in the swale for future reference.
A Field Study of Green Roof Water Quality Performance
A green roof is a technology that is partially covered with vegetation and growing medium, planted over a filter and waterproofing membrane. Runoff water quality from the green roofs may have contaminants due to the effect from its surrounding or from the layer of green roof substrate. The objectives of this study are to analyze the water quality of the green roof runoff and to investigate the effectiveness of different vegetation treatments of the green roofs. Water quality experiments were conducted on runoff of four green roof test beds’ treatment. Three of the test beds were planted with three different vegetations, Alternanthera F. (Sample 2), Zoysia M. (Sample 3) and Sanseviera T. (Sample 4), while the other one test bed was used as a control roof that contained with only substrate known as non-vegetated roof (Sample 1). All results were compared to the Water Quality Index (WQI) and National Water Quality Standard Malaysia (NWQS) where the WQI results for Sample 1 is 59.41 (Class III), sample 2 is 55.91 (Class III), sample 3 is 54.03 (Class III) and sample 4 is 61.6 (Class III), respectively. It can conclude that the water sample from the green roof is suitable for fishery III (for livestock drinking) and water supply III which may require for further extensive treatment.
Airborne Bacterial Pollution in Clinical Environment, Sana'a - Yemen
Abstract: This work aims to know the extent of air pollution and common bacterial species in delivery rooms in some hospitals in Sana'a city. Six randomly airborne samples from delivery rooms of three hospitals (Algmhory, Althwrah and Alsabeen hospitals). Out of 65 airborne bacteria were isolated from delivery rooms, 89.2% of them showed Gram positive bacterial isolates and 10.8% Gram negative bacteria. Bacteria isolates were identified as Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidemidis, Micrococcus sp., Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Corynebacterium sp., Klebsiella sp., Lactobacillus sp. and Proteus mirabilis. The highest percentage of bacterial isolates was recorded in Alsabeen hospital as 66.2%. Staphylococcus was the most dominant organism isolated from the delivery rooms in all examined hospitals (37 isolates, 56.9%), while the lowest percentages were: Lactobacillus (two isolates, 3.1%), Klebsiella and Proteus (one isolate, 1.5%) for each.
Impact of Meteorological Conditions on Airborne Particulates (PM2.5 & PM10) Concentration on Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) Ambient: Humidity
The goal of this study at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia is to determine the impact of meteorology on the concentration of airborne particulates in the ambient air. Air pollution is becoming more of a problem as a result of unregulated chemical gas emissions from industry, fossil fuel combustion, and forest fires. Air quality in UTHM ambient shall be considered carefully as it will give unsatisfactory comfort level and affecting the health of the occupants in UTHM as there are various human activities contribute to air pollution at UTHM ambient air. In this study, the concentration of particulate matter in UTHM air ambient are measured using Met One E – Sampler and the Meteo Compact Station to collect data on particulate matter and meteorological conditions such as wind speed, relative humidity, and temperature and were used to compared the data collected from both stations. A total of 14 days of data were gathered at Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environment (FKAAB) and Makmal Kejuruteraan Bahan Termaju (FKAAB). COMET software was used to retrieve the data from Met One E-Sampler, meanwhile the data from Meteo Compact Station can be retrieve from Delta Ohm Cloud website after instrument is set up. However, in this study, the data was provided by FKAAB Building Services and Maintenance Cluster. The concentration measured may be generated by surrounding human activity such as manufacturing plants, construction, heavy traffic, and other human activities. From the study, the result that shows the greatest average levels of PM10 and PM2.5 were found in Makmal Kejuruteraan Bahan Termaju (FKAAB), with 33.21 µg/m3 and 29.0 µg/m3, respectively. However, both stations' particulate concentrations are below the New Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS). Future research should focus on determining the most significant human activities that contribute to the presence of contaminants in the ambient air at UTHM by using instruments that can collect various data at the same time, such as the Meteo Compact Station. This enables data to be collected and compared simultaneously. Other than that, the relevant parties or university must take action by developing more solutions for reducing society's exposure to airborne particles and improving UTHM's air quality to ensure that their comfort and health do not deteriorate.
Propose Design of New Cross Section by Using One Dimensional HEC-RAS at Maran River, Pahang
Continuous rains in Maran, Pahang cause the river’s water capacity to increase and become more complex. The river system is important for controlling water distribution in terms of quantity, quality, time and system capability. The problem that arises is the river unable to accommodate large quantities of water that cause flooding at the research area. This study was conducted to analyze cross-section data and steady flow data at selected chainage in order to produce the river cross section and to solve flood problems by changing the sections of river channel by using HEC-RAS. All the data such as cross-section data, manning values, contraction and expansion data obtained from Maran Irrigation and Drainage Department while the discharge value was calculated using Rational Method for 10 years, 50 years and 100 years. From the result, the analysis of the cross section include with the affected area of floodplain was identified. According to the hydraulic model generated by HEC-RAS software, 9 of 10 stations found will be flooded since they were unable to accommodate the water flow. From this study, the modification of channels was proposed and the simulation of the new cross section showed that the channel can accommodate water flow till 100 years and not faced flood anymore. In a meantime, the DID department can prepared and give an early warning about the flood incident. It expected that the research area will not experience flooding as before
Hydrologic Engineering Centers River Analysis System (HEC-RAS)
Climate Change Assessment on Flood Occurrence in Kota Tinggi, Johor
Flood is associated with the climatic change where the climate variable has detrimental impact on hydrologic cycle. Johor is among the affected states by flood catastrophe for almost every year. Over the year, Johor has experienced increasing amount of rainfall. However, studies on future rainfall pattern in Johor are still quite limited. Thus, this study was carried out to identify climate change impacts by projecting rainfall data using Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM) and predicting flood events utilizing the Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI). Through SDSM, the rainfall data was projected in corresponding with General Circulation Models (GCM) predictor under three different representative concentration pathway (RCP) of RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 that consider different emission level in future. Future observation in the upcoming 30 years for both studied stations at Kota Tinggi, Johor recorded increasing trend in the projected mean annual rainfall under three scenarios where the highest change in projection was +12.2% under RCP8.5 at Ladang Telok Sengat station. From SPI analysis, it is predicted that there will be frequent occurrence of flooding in the upcoming 30 years due to more positive SPI values (> 1) indicated by the studied stations. From the study, the authorities can come up with better mitigation plan to supervise the flood event in the future.
Leptospira Serovars Ecological Parameters and Water Quality Analysis at Lata Janggut, Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia
The number of Leptospirosis cases and deaths in Kelantan from 2009-2015 showed increasing trends with Jeli District had the highest number of fatalities. This study provides information about the ecological parameters of Leptospira sp. at Lata Janggut, i.e., a natural recreational area. In this research, a total of 18 water samples were collected individually from the upstream part of the waterfall, from the shade and direct sun areas for six consecutive weeks from July 26 until August 28 of 2016. Water samples were taken from for the Leptospira sp. availability testing through the morphological characterisation and staining technique. In-situ and ex-situ data were measured as the physical and chemical parameters of water samples. The 16 elements of heavy metal was determined as well. Water quality index (WQI) of the upstream of Lata Janggut was analysed with 64.50 (Class III) and 77.51 (Class II) in the shade and direct sun areas, respectively, according to the WQI value suggested by the Department of Environment (DOE) of Malaysia. Based on the identification, the study area was free from Leptospirosis during the observation period, which correlated with the ecological parameters of Leptospira sp. at Lata Janggut.
Copyright (c) 2021 Journal of Advancement in Environmental Solution and Resource Recovery
Ponds in UTHM: Water Criteria and Quality
Invasive aquatic plants (IAP) in the river/stream or lake are typically grown. IAP was left along the river/stream/lake after maintenance and clearance, caused the unpleasant view. The excessive nutrients in the water can cause native plants to have unusually high growth rates, the natural density and distribution of aquatic plants in lakes and streams can become affected. Ammoniacal nitrogen are the most nutrients that can be found in a water body. Despite the significance of these nutrients for aquatic health, severe problems may also arise from overabundance of nutrient. This study is limited to several ponds in UTHM. The objectives of the research are to identify type of aquatic plant that exist in pond and to determine the water quality of the pond. The water quality measurements involved the ammonia nitrogen and total suspended solid by following Method 8038 Nessler’s and Standard Method 2540, APHA. The water quality also be determined using subindex of ammoniacal nitrogen and total suspended solid. The result showed that water lily grows in two ponds. The ammoniacal nitrogen from three ponds are different, subsequently resulted in different class such Class II, III and IV. However, using total suspended solid as a reference, each pond was classified as Class 1. Pond B was consistently showing the clean water quality status as based on subindex of ammoniacal nitrogen and total suspended solid.
Electrocoagulation using Aluminium and Stainless Steel Electrodes for the Removal of Turbidity, Colour and Suspended Solids from Full-Handwashing Car Wash Wastewater
The increasing demand for carwash services in Malaysia has become one of the contributors to the release of untreated carwash wastewater into water bodies which adversely impact the environment, especially the aquatic life. The objective of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of electrocoagulation in treating turbidity, suspended solids and colour from the carwash wastewater which has been collected from Ijan Car Wash Station in Parit Raja. This treatment has been conducted by using aluminium and stainless steel as the electrodes in a monopolar electrode configuration. The optimum conditions for electrocoagulation such as current density, retention time, and initial pH have been determined based on its performance in reducing turbidity, suspended solids, and colour. The range of the tested current density was 27 - 82 A/m2, 10 until 120 minutes electrolysis time and initial pH from 6 to 10. The electrode distance and settling time were kept constant 5 cm and 30 minutes respectively. The result shows that the optimum condition for electrocoagulation process of Al-St electrode pair was determined at the current density of 27 A/m2, electrolysis time of 110 minutes, and the initial pH of 8 which has removal efficiencies of the turbidity, colour and suspended solid of 90.3 %, 88.12 % and 94.27 % respectively. The electrocoagulation process also has the potential to be utilized in removing physical properties of car wash wastewater based on its effective removal, especially turbidity, suspended solids and colour. For the future work, reduces in terms of spacing between electrodes and increase the total working area of electrodes could give more effect for the removal efficiencies.
electrocoagulation, carwash wastewater, aluminium electrode, stainless steel electrode, suspended solids, turbidity, colour
Evaluation of the Correlation between Particulate Matter (PM2.5) and Meteorological Parameters
Particulate matters are emitted from a wide range of man-made and natural sources. Particulate matters (ð‘ƒð‘€2.5) pose the greatest problems and consequences to human health. Batu Pahat is considered as main urban area with high industrial activity and other anthropogenic activities. Due to awareness of the people health in Batu Pahat this study was performed. The focus of this research is to examine the levels of ð‘ƒð‘€2.5 in several areas in Batu Pahat and to examine the correlations of ð‘ƒð‘€2.5 with the weather parameters using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Two stations of selected areas were chosen, namely Batu Pahat, and Parit Sulong represented as an urban area, and residential area. Three parameters observed for 3 consecutive months starting from December 2020 to February 2021 in two phases which were phase 1 (7a.m.) and phase 2 (7p.m.). The data was obtained from the website of Department of Environment (DOE). The statistical analysis of the results obtained for the air particulate matters ð‘ƒð‘€2.5 at the study areas will be compared with the Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guidelines (MAAQG). It was found out that the concentration of ð‘ƒð‘€2.5 at station B (Parit Sulong) the residential area, was higher in phase 1 and phase 2 with value of 15.04 Î¼g/ð‘š3 and 14.12 Î¼g/ð‘š3 respectively. It can be seen that station B have higher value of ð‘ƒð‘€2.5 than station A (Batu Pahat). Air quality index (AQI) values for both stations was less than the permitted value by Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guidelines.
Particulate matters (ð‘ƒð‘€2.5) Meteorological parameters, Air Quality Index
An Overview of Activated Carbon Coconut Shell and Banana Trunk Fiber as Bio-Filter for Kitchen Wastewater Treatment
Kitchen wastewater from the cafeteria is the presence of the chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solid (TSS) and organic substances in the runoff that required rapid action. The aim of this research is to determine the concentration of COD and TSS from kitchen wastewater and to measure the influence of coconut shell activated carbon and banana trunk fiber in optimization the percentage of kitchen wastewater with tap water and time using RSM. ACCS is an activated carbon using agricultural waste which is coconut shell that act as an adsorbent to reduce pollutant. Banana trunk fiber is a bio-waste that is available in abundance to be used as bio filtration. The use of ACCS and banana trunk fiber can potentially reduce the environmental impact due to improper practice of disposal. ACCS and banana trunk fiber material have been proven by previous studies on the effectiveness to reduce the pollutant. The effectiveness of ACCS and banana trunk fiber is measured by it removal efficiency. This review has discovered that ACCS and banana trunk fiber is capable to reduce the COD and TSS concentration from KWW based on the previous studies.
Kitchen wastewater (KWW), COD, TSS, Coconut shell activated carbon (ACCS), Banana trunk fiber
The Measurement of PM10 and PM2.5 Concentration for Outdoor and Indoor Surrounding Industrial Area
The industrial area located adjacent to UTHM main campus releases air pollutants to the surrounding area. In addition, high complaints were received from UTHM's residents and surrounding area due to air pollution from the industrial area. The main objective of this study is to measures PM10 and PM2.5 concentration for indoor and outdoor building in UTHM main campus and surrounding industrial area in Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor. Air sampling was conducted to determine the indoor and outdoor concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5. The highest concentration (40.8 ug/m3 and 29.1 ug/m3 for PM10 and PM2.5 respectively) was at Tun Dr Ismail Residential College for outdoor concentration. Whereas, Bestari Residential College shows the lowest concentration (14.2 ug/m3 and 10 ug/m3 for PM10 and PM2.5 respectively). Results from this study found that outdoor air pollution did not affect the indoor air pollution. For further improvement, the number of sampling stations need to be increased especially high rise buildings in UTHM main campus.